APA 7 Format and Referencing Style Guide Made Simple
The APA Citation Style Guide (7th ed.) is a comprehensive manual for writers and researchers to follow when formatting and citing sources in their work according to the standards set by the American Psychological Association (APA). The 7th edition of the guide, developed in 2019, provides detailed instructions on various aspects of writing and citation, ensuring consistency and clarity in scholarly communication. It covers topics such as in-text citations, reference list entries, paper formatting, and the proper use of language and punctuation. The guide is essential for anyone writing academic papers, particularly in the social sciences, to help maintain academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.
APA 7 General Principles of Formatting
- Double-spacing
- APA Margins are 1″ (2.54 cm), and the paper size should be 8.5″ x 11.” The 1-inch margin applies to other formats, including MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, OSCOLA, and AMA.
- APA recommends using one of the following fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or 10-point Computer Modern.
Papers written in APA 7 style are divided into the following sections:
The APA 6 guide was developed in line with the American Psychological Association in 2013. Publication manual of the American Read more
The MLA Format and Citation Style Guide 9th Edition is an authoritative resource provided by the Modern Language Association for Read more
The Chicago Citation Style Guide (17th ed.) - Notes-Bibliography is a referencing guide developed in accordance with The Chicago Manual Read more
The Chicago Citation Style Guide (17th ed.)-Author-Date is a referencing format developed in accordance with The Chicago Manual of Style, Read more
- Title Page
- Table of Contents (if required)
- Abstract (if required)
- Body
- References
- Appendix (if required)
APA Title Page
There are two types of APA 7 title pages, namely:
In this guide, we are going to focus on the student APA title page.
Header:
Include only the page number flush right, starting with the title page.
Title:
- Your title should be inserted in the upper half of the first page.
- You should not use more than 12 words for your title.
- Use upper and lower case (avoid abbreviations and redundant words).
- The title page should be double-spaced and written in bold.
- Insert the author’s name below the title.
- Insert the educational institution below the author’s name, course name, professor’s name, and date.
APA Abstract
- The abstract is written on a new page; this page should contain a page header (see above).
- The word “Abstract” is centered on the new page and written in bold. Do not use quotation marks, italics, or any other formatting.
- The text on the abstract page is NOT indented.
- The abstract in APA should contain only the most relevant information, such as research topic/thesis statement, research question(s), sample size/participants, research design/method, data analysis, results, and conclusions.
- The abstract consists of a single paragraph (about 130-150 words) of double-spaced text.
- If keywords are required, they are indented and written beneath the abstract paragraph. Do not forget to
use italics for the word “Keywords.”
APA Headings
Level 1 Bold, Uppercase, and Lowercase
Level 2 Left-aligned, Bold, Uppercase, and Lowercase
Level 3 Bold, Italicized Heading
Level 4 Indented, Bold Heading with a Period. Begin your text after the period.
APA Reference List
The reference list is inserted at the end of your paper; any source that you use needs to be included in the reference page and cited in the text. Indent all lines after the first line in the entry (hanging indent); the lines should be indented one-half inch (1.27 cm) from the left margin of your paper.
- Do not forget to invert authors’ names, such as last name and initials. Example: Cage, D. C.
- The reference list in APA is always alphabetized by the first word in the reference entry (from A to Z).
- When alphabetizing titles or group names as authors, go by the first significant word (disregard a, an, the, etc.)
- Do not include the abbreviation for the group author. Instead, spell out the full name of the group.
APA 7 Reference Guide
Citing Books in APA
One author
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
Drewett, P. N. (2012). Field archaeology: An introduction. UCL Press.
Note:
- Provide the name of the publisher, excluding Co. and Inc., which are not necessary to identify the publisher. However, do not omit the words Books and Press.
Two authors
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
Greene, J., & Scott, D. (2004). Finding Sand Creek. University of Oklahoma Press.
Three to twenty authors
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., & Embrechts, P. (2015). Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques, and tools. Princeton University Press.
Multiple authors (more than twenty authors)
Provide last names and initials for the first 19 authors of the work. Insert three ellipsis points after the name of the 19th author, followed by the last author’s name. After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it).
There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, … Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
Mahajan, A., Go, M. J., Zhang, W., Below, J. E., Gaulton, K. J., Ferreira, T., Horikoshi, M., Johnson, A. D., Ng, M. C. Y., Prokopenko, I., Saleheen, D., Wang, X., Zeggini, E., Abecasis, G. R., Adair, L. S., Almgren, P., Atalay, M., Aung, T., Baldassarre, D., … Morris, A. P. (2014). Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Nature Genetics, 46, 234–244.
Corporate/organization author
Structure:
Organization Name. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
Ministry of Health. (2008). Future directions for eating disorders services in New Zealand: New perspectives. Key Press.
Entries in reference works (e.g., dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without credited authors are also considered works with group authors.
Structure:
Organization Name. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
Merriam-Webster. (2012). Royalty. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
When the author and the publisher are the same, use the word “Author” instead of the publisher’s name.
Structure:
Organization Name. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
Canadian Ministry of Health. (2020). Obesity statistics. Author.
Unknown author
When the work does not have an author, move the title of the work to the beginning of the references and follow with the date of publication. Only use “Anonymous” if the author of the work is signed “Anonymous.”
Structure:
Book title: Subtitle. (Year). Publisher.
Example:
Alluvial archaeology in Europe. (2009). Routledge.
Two or more works by the same author
Works by the same author are arranged chronologically by year of publication. The earliest year comes first.
List references with no dates before references with dates.
Malhotra, Y. (n.d.). Project management: Key processes. Elsevier.
Malhotra, Y. (2012). Knowledge management and virtual organizations. SAGE.
Malhotra, Y. (2014). Managing organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Pearson.
When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.
Agnew, C. R. (Ed.) (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press.
Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.) (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press.
Two or more works by the same author, same year
Works by the same author and with the same publication date are listed alphabetically by the title (disregarding articles). Add a, b, c … to the publication year to distinguish citations.
Gabarro, J. (2011a). Criminal justice organizations: Administration and management. Routledge.
Gabarro, J. (2011b). Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Jossey-Bass.
Edited book, no author
In an APA reference to an edited book with no author, move the editor name to the author position and follow it
with the parenthetical abbreviation (Ed.) for one editor or (Eds.) for multiple editors.
Structure:
Editor’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Editor’s last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Editor’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Eds.). (Year). Book
Title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
Palenchar, M. & Greenwald, H. (Eds.). (2009). The management of organizations: Responsibility for performance. Russell Sage Foundation.
Edited book with an author/authors
Place the editor’s initials and last name in brackets immediately after the book’s title, followed by a comma and the abbreviation Ed. for one editor or Eds. for multiple editors.
Structure:
Author’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (Editor’s first initial. Middle initial. Last name, Ed.). Publisher.
Example:
Calfee, M. (2011). Strategic issues management: A systems and human resources approach. (K. V. Emory, Ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Author with a translator
In a reference to a translated book, place the name(s) of the translator(s) immediately after the book’s title, add the abbreviation Trans., and enclose it in parentheses.
Structure:
Author’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (Translator’s first initial. Middle initial. Last name, Trans.). Publisher.
Author’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (Translator’s first initial. Middle initial. Last name & Translator’s first initial. Middle initial. Last name, Trans.). Publisher.
Example:
Leary, P. (2009). Metaphors in the history of psychology. (A. W. Burt & F. L. Kernberg, Trans.). University of
Chicago Press. (Original work published 1921).
Note:
- APA in-text citation of a republished source also includes both publishing dates. Example: Leary (1921/2009).
Different editions
Include information about the edition in parentheses immediately after the title.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle(1st/2nd/3rd/#th ed.). Publisher.
Example:
Shotton, M. L., & Schiraldi, G. (2016). The need for revision (2nd ed.). Dover.
Chapter in an edited book
When citing a chapter in an edited book, do not invert the editors’ names and do not place them in the author’s position. The editors’ names are preceded by the word In and followed by the parenthetical abbreviation (Ed.) for one editor or (Eds.) for several editors.
Note: if an editorial board consists of more than 3 members, include the name of the lead editor and follow it by et al.
Structure:
Author’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Chapter title: Subtitle. In Editor’s first initial. Middle initial. Last name (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. #–#). Publisher.
Author’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Chapter title: Subtitle. In Editor’s first initial. Middle initial. Last name et al. (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. #–#). Publisher.
Example:
Wiener, P. (2013). Gender issues across the globe. In A. A. Krugman & F. D. Kempe (Eds.), Gender identity and gender politics (pp. 134–146). Springer.
Note: List any edition number in the same set of parentheses as the page numbers, separated by a comma (# ed., pp. 33-45).
Johnson, E. T. (2014). Diabetes mellitus. In M. A. Thompson & R. W. Gullie (Eds.), Public health (3rd ed, pp. 122-144). Elsevier.
Multivolume work
Enclose information about volume number(s) in parentheses immediately after the book’s title.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Vol(s). #–#). Publisher.
Example:
Haybron, D. M. (2011). Perspectives on Piaget’s theory (Vols. 1–4). McGraw-Hill.
Encyclopedia/dictionary
Follow the citation rules for corporate/organization authors. Depending on the publication details available, there is no author if an edited book or book has no author or chapter.
Foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword
Cite the publishing information about a book as usual, but cite the Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Foreword (or Introduction, Preface, Afterword). Book title: Subtitle (pp. #–#). Publisher.
Example:
Zhen, X. (2018). Introduction. In C. Choi (Ed.), Human resource management in multinational organizations (pp.1-15). Springer.
Electronic or Kindle-Books
It is not necessary to note that you have used an eBook or audiobook when the content is the same as a physical book. However, you should distinguish between the eBook or audiobook and the print version if the content is different or abridged or if you would like to cite the narrator of an audiobook.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. URL (if applicable)
Examples:
Reddington, F. M. (2012). Fields of Sorrow (E. Kings, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Elsevier.
Cook, J. F. (2017). Practical guidelines for managers [eBook edition]. SAGE.
Online encyclopedia/dictionary with a group author
Structure:
Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL
Example:
Longman. (n.d.). Cause. In Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/cause
Note: An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and, therefore, not include a publication date (like in the example below). If that’s the case, use “n.d.” for the date and include the retrieval
date in the citation.
Online encyclopedia/dictionary with an individual author
Structure:
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
Example:
Long, R. (n.d.). Egalitarianism. In J. Fieser & B. Dowden (Eds.), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/egalitar/
APA 7 Referencing of Articles in Periodicals
Scholarly journal article
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Title, volume(number), pages–pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Example:
Caligor, E., & Levy, K. N. (2015). Narcissistic personality disorder: Diagnostic and clinical challenges. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(5), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723
APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source.
Magazine article
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month). Title of the article. Magazine Title, volume(number), pages–pages.
Example:
Kreaker, H. J. (2018, June). The situation in Iraq: Updates and statistics. Forbes Magazine, 23, 2.
Newspaper article
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month). Title of the article. Newspaper Title, pages-pages.
Example:
Shirley, A. (2017, January). School reform and its implications. Washington Post, 2-3.
Review article
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Title of the article [Review of the book Book title: Subtitle, by Author’s initial Last name]. Journal Title, volume(number), pages–pages.
Example:
Lerry, O. P. (2016). Making it happen: Project management without problems [Review of the book Effective Project Management: Traditional, agile, extreme, hybrid, by R. K. Wysocki]. Journal of Management Studies, 139(8), 236-239.
Abstract
APA 7th edition does not guide how to cite abstracts. However, if you only use information from the abstract but the full text of the article is also available, we advise you to add “[Abstract]” after the article or source name. If the full text is unavailable, you may use an abstract available through an abstract database as a secondary source.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Title of the article [Abstract]. Journal Title, volume(number), pages–pages.
Example:
Bray, G. A., Fruhbeck, G., & Ryan, D. H. (2016). Management of obesity [Abstract]. The Lancet, 387(10031), 1947–1956.
Article in an online journal (DOI)
According to the 7th edition of the APA Style Guide, it is advisable to provide a DOI of an article (digital object identifier, usually stated in the article information section) if available. There are two formats of doi that you can choose from:
1. doi:0000000/000000000000
2. http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Title, volume(number), pages–pages. doi:0000000/000000000000
Example:
Langel, S. N., Wang, Q., Vlasova, A. N., & Saif, L. J. (2020). Host factors affecting the generation of immunity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in pregnant and lactating swine and passive protection of neonates. Pathogens, 9(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020130
Article in an online journal (without DOI)
If an online scholarly journal article has no DOI and is published on a website, include the URL. If an online scholarly article has no DOI and is published on a database, do not include a URL or any database information. The only exception is for databases that publish articles that are in limited circulation (like ERIC) or that are only available on that particular database (like UpToDate). You should also include the date that you accessed the article.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Title, volume(number), pages–pages. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from http://xxxxx
Example:
Round, J. (2015). Apocatastasis: Redefining tropes of the apocalypse in Neil Gaiman and Dave Mckean’s Signal to Noise. International Online Journal of Comic Art, 15. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/26013/
Online newspaper/magazine article
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month, Date). Title of the article. Newspaper/Magazine Title. URL.
Example:
Tuchman, P. (2017, January 27). How do you sell a work of art built into the earth? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/arts/design/robert-smithson-earthwork-art.html?smid=pl-share&_r=0
Citing Dissertations and Theses in APA
Dissertation/thesis, published
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No. XXX) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive name.
Example:
Fowler, S. M. (2015). Measuring the correlation between risk knowledge and comfort utilizing online medical data (Publication No. 1597628) [Master’s thesis, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Dissertation/thesis, unpublished
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.
Example:
Lewis, H. S. (2019). Relationships between beliefs about medications and use of prescribed chronic medications [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. New York State University.
Conference Proceedings
The 7th edition of the APA manual does not guide on citing conference proceedings. Therefore, this citation models that of an edited collection, which is similar in format.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial, & Lastname, First initial. Middle initial. (Eds.). (Year). Title of proceedings. Publisher. URL. (if applicable)
Example:
Peterson, H. I., & James, F. D. (Eds.). (2019). Proceedings of the 12th annual International Conference on Teaching Methods. TAB Digital Library.
Citing Online Lectures and Presentation Slides
When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month, Date). Document title [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. URL
Example:
Arnold, D. (2010). Functional analysis [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://wwwusers.math.umn.edu/~arnold/502.s97/functional.pdf
Pomije, B. (2011, December 6). Online shopping [PowerPoint slides]. https://www.slideshare.net/pobr0702/online-shopping-presentation-10492184
APA 7 Referencing of Online Sources
Page from website
If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month, Date). Website page title. Site Name. URL.
Example:
Janous, B. (2020, February 13). A love that cancer can’t kill. Human Parts. https://humanparts.medium.com/a-love-that-cancer-cant-kill-5f1398b13a1a
If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation.
Structure:
Group name. (Year, Month, Date). Website page title. Site Name. URL.
Example:
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2020, February 21). Celebrate national dog biscuit day with your favourite furry friends! https://www.aspca.org/news/celebrate-national-dog-biscuit-day-your-favorite-furry-friends
Page from the website with an unknown author
If the page’s author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the page’s content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you’re citing a wiki that is publicly edited).
Structure:
Website page title. (Year, Month, Date). Site Name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL.
Example:
Puppies for adoption: How and where to adopt a puppy. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.petfinder.com/pet-adoption/dog-adoption/puppies-for-adoption/
Data sets
Structure:
Lastname, First initial. Middle initial. or Name of Group. (Year). Title of dataset (Version No.) [Data set]. Publisher. DOI or URL
Example:
DataHub. (n.d.). CO2 PPM – Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide [Data set]. https://datahub.io/core/co2-ppm
Graphic data (e.g., interactive maps, infographics, and other graphic representations of data)
Structure:
Give the organization’s or individual’s name, followed by the date and title. If there is no title in brackets, you should provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Include the URL and the retrieval date if there is no publication date.
Example:
Visually. (n.d.). 6 ways to use psychology to boost app engagement [Infographic]. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://visual.ly/community/infographic/computers/6-ways-use-psychology-boost-app-engagement
Qualitative data and online interviews
Structure:
If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If the interview transcript is published in an online periodical, like a magazine, cite the interview the same way you would cite the medium where it is published, as shown below:
Example:
Winfrey, O. (2018, November 12). Michelle Obama gets candid with Oprah about her new memoir, Becoming. The Oprah Magazine. https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/a24691478/oprah-michelle-obama-becoming-interview/
If it is an audio file or transcript published in a database, credit the interviewee as the author and use the following model:
Example:
Berkow, I. (1997, June 27). Interview with Ira Berkow [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-ira-berkow-0
Computer software/downloaded software
Do not cite standard office software (e.g., Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. or Name of Group. (Year). Title of software (Version No.). Publisher. URL.
Example:
Systweak. (n.d.). Advanced driver updater for Windows (Version 2.1.1086.15131). Softsonic. https://advanced-driver-updater.en.softonic.com/
E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you should parenthetically cite them in your main text:
(J. Datsun, personal communication, March 3, 2020).
Online forum or discussion posting
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. or Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post]. Publisher. URL.
Example:
Elaine [ElaineNY]. (2020, February 23). A stranger got my kidney on January 20, 2020 [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/f8efmz/a_stranger_got_my_kidney_on_january_20_2020/
Tweet
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. Or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Tweet]. Site Name. URL
Example:
Van Dyke, S. [@3WSSheri]. (2020, February 23). Watched Supe on Saturdays back in Mansfield. introduced me to some classic horror flicks [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/3WSSheri/status/1231653764219711492
Note: If the tweet includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also, attempt to replicate emojis if possible.
Twitter profile
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Profile name [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL.
Example:
Chavira, P. [@apchavira]. (n.d.). Paulina Chavira [Twitter profile]. Retrieved February 24, 2020, from https://twitter.com/apchavira
Facebook post
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. Or Name of Group. (Year, Month, Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
Example:
Nicola, C. (2020, February 22). Chris, Jay, and Elvira are continuing to have fun in Bahia, Salvador, and BRAZIL, celebrating CARNAVAL [Images attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/chris.nicola/posts/10218605512262988
Note: If the Facebook post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in
brackets after the content description. Also, attempt to replicate emojis if possible.
Facebook page
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. Or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site Name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Example:
Jasper, S. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved February 24, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/stefanie.jasper.1
Instagram photo or video
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. Or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month, Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
Example:
Winslet, K. [@kate. Winslet. Official]. (2020, February 21). Love always wins! [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B8yx4bZDLgK/
Ted talk
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month, Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL
Example:
Love, R. (2018, November). How nurses can help drive healthcare innovation [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/rebecca_love_how_nurses_can_help_drive_healthcare_innovation
Blog post
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month, Date). Blogpost title. Publisher. URL.
Example:
Cush, A. (2016, August 17). You’ll never guess who’s angry about CNN “deceptively” editing a video of Sylville Smith’s sister. Gawker. http://gawker.com/youll-never-guess-whos-angry-about-cnn-deceptively-ed1785416442
Video or film
Structure:
Director’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Video/Film title [Film]. Production company.
Example:
Tornatore, G. (2013). The best offer [Film]. Warner Bros.
Video or film in another language
Structure:
Director’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Video/Film title in original language [Translated title] [Film]. Production company.
Example:
Jacopetti, G. (1962). Mondo cane [Doggish world] [Film]. Cineriz
TV series
Structure:
Executive producer’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Executive Producer/s). (Date range of release). TV series title [TV series]. Production company(ies).
Example:
Crane, D., & Kauffman, M. (Executive Producers). (1994-2004). Friends [TV series]. Warner Bros. Studios.
TV series episode
Structure:
Writer’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial (Writer), & Director’s Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Director). (Original air date: Year, Month Date). Episode title (Season number, Episode number) [IV series episode]. In executive producer’s First initial. Middle initial. Last name (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company(ies).
Example:
Borkow, D. K. (Writer), & Schwimmer, D. (Director). (2001, October 4). The one with the red sweater (Season 8, episode 2) [TV series episode]. In D. Crane & M. Kauffman (Executive Producers), Friends. Warner Bros. Studios.
YouTube video
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month, Date). Video title [Video]. Website host. URL.
Example:
EssayPro. (2019, August 14). APA format essay (example, citation) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19jEyVZWiFM
Music album
Structure:
Recording artist (Year of release). Title of album [Album]. Record label.
Example:
Adele. (2015). 25 [Album]. XL; Columbia.
Note: if you are referencing a re-recorded version of a classical work, list that album title in brackets
following the name of the album.
Single song or track
Structure:
Recording artist (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album [Album]. Record label.
Example:
Adele. (2015). Hello [Song]. On 25 [Album]. XL; Columbia.
Note: if the song is a piece of classical music, you can list the composer instead of the recording artist.
Note: if the song does not have an associated album, simply omit the section with the album.
Citing Podcast
Structure:
Executive Producer’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Executive Producer). (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL.
Example:
Catt, G. (Executive Producer). (2019-present). The missing cryptoqueen [Audio podcast]. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07nkd84/episodes/player
Note: in place of the executive producer, you can also list the host of the podcast.
Note: if you did not access the podcast via an online source (e.g., if you used a podcast app), omit the URL.
Single podcast episode
Structure:
Executive Producer’s Last name, First initial., Middle initial. (Executive Producer). (Date of publication). Title of podcast episode (Episode number) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production company. URL.
Example:
Catt, G. (Executive Producer). (2019). The Technology and the Dream (No. 8) [Audio podcast episode]. In The missing crypto queen. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07sz990
Note: in place of the executive producer, you can also list the host of the podcast.
Note: if you did not access the podcast via an online source (e.g. if you used a podcast app), omit the URL.
Artwork in a museum or on a museum website
Structure:
Artist’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of release). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of museum, City, State, Country. URL of the museum.
Example:
Van Gogh, V. (1889). Starry night [painting]. MoMA, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802
Note: if the artwork is available via a museum website, cite that website at the end of the citation. If there is no
associated website, simply omit the URL.
Note: if the artwork does not have a title, briefly describe the work and put that description in square brackets.
Photograph (not associated with a museum)
Structure:
Photographer’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Source. URL.
Example:
Bao, Y. (2019). The moment [Photograph]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2019/oct/16/wildlife-photographer-of-the-year-2019-winners-in-pictures
Note: if the photograph does not have a title, describe the photograph and put that description in square brackets.
Citing Personal Communication
Personal communication is not included in the reference list. Instead, when citing information from an email, cite the source of information in parentheses.
(K. Dawson, personal communication, April 24, 2010).
Citing Government Documents in APA
Federal or state statute
Structure:
Name of Act, Public Law No. (Year). URL.
Example:
Americans with Disabilities Act, Publ. L. No. 101-336, 104 Stat. 327 (1990). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-104/pdf/STATUTE-104-Pg327.pdf
Report by a government agency or other organization
Structure:
Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL.
Example:
United States Government Accountability Office. (2020). Science & tech spotlight: Deepfakes. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-379sp.pdf
Report by individual authors at a government agency or other organization
Structure:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Title of report. Organization
Name. URL.
Example:
Usher, L., Friedhoff, S., Cochran, S., & Pandya, A. (2016). Preparing for the unimaginable: How chiefs can safeguard officer mental health before and after mass casualty events. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Preparing-for-theUnimaginable/Preparing-For-The-Unimaginable.pdf
APA 7 In-text citations
In accordance with APA style rules, you only need to include the author’s name and year of publication when you refer to information from another scholarly work without quoting it directly. Remember that each source you cite in the body of the paper must have a corresponding entry on the list of references at the end of the paper.
Author named in a signal phrase
APA format requires the use of the word and instead of the ampersand before the last author’s name when citing a work by multiple authors in the text.
Example: Greene and Kernis (2012) argued that every individual involved in the process of creation of software
is responsible for its quality.
Author not named in a signal phrase
Example: The framework based on the categorization of racial attributes does not take into account numerous
individual differences between ethnic groups (Holland, 2010).
A work by two authors
Example: The use of sterilization accounts for 3.2 percent of birth control methods in Christian communities
(Purnell & Paulanka, 2016).
A work by three or more authors
Regardless of the medium of the source, all sources with three authors or more are now attributed using the name of the first author followed by “et al.” List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first.
The only exception to this occurs when doing so would create ambiguity (e.g., if two papers have first-listed authors with the same name). In these cases, list as many names as needed to differentiate the papers, followed by “et al.”
Example: Judith, Leon, Potter, and Grief (2020) and Judith, Leon, Carrol, and Smith (2020) can be cited as (Judith, Leon, Potter, et al., 2020) and (Judith, Leon, Carrol, et al., 2020), respectively.
Unknown author
When the source does not identify an author, cite it by the first few words of its title. The titles of books and periodicals have to be italicized, whereas titles of book chapters and articles must be placed inside quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists).
Example: Naturalism and the improvement of healthcare outcomes are the main principles of the provision of biomedicine in the U.S. (Biomedicine and Health Care, 2015).
Example: The health-care services in Australia are based on the long-standing culture of nursing as well as national models of health and illness (“Health care approaches,” 2011).
Corporate Author
If the name of the group first appears in parentheses (as in the second example below), put the abbreviation in brackets after it, followed by a comma and the year for the citation:
Example: The American Psychological Association (APA, 2011) suggested that parents talk to their children about family finances in age-appropriate ways.
Example: Children should learn about family finances in age-appropriate ways (American Psychological Association [APA], 2011).
In the reference list entry, do not include the abbreviation for the group author. Instead, spell out the full name of the group.
Authors with the same last name
Include first initials followed by the last names in order to distinguish between authors with the same last name.
For example, The religious and spiritual beliefs of Arab American Muslims significantly influence their healthcare practices and health-seeking behaviors (M. Berndt, 2016; L. Berndt, 2016).
More than one work by the same author in the same year
Distinguish between works by the same author in the same year by including lowercase letters next to the year of publication in both in-text citations and reference list entries.
Example: Terminally ill patients find a source of strength in performing daily prayers and adhering to other religious duties described in their sacred texts such as the Bible and Quran (Robbins, 2011a).
Indirect sources
Provide the author of the original source in a signal phrase and include a citation of the secondary source in parentheses. Note that only the secondary source has to be included in the APA reference list.
Example: Smith argues that “personalistic systems provide the most accurate representation of a patient’s identity” (as cited in Wescot, 2014, p. 213).
Sources without page numbers
Use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation “para.” followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading.
Example: Pinker and Smith (2013) went so far as to argue “that Chinese cultures condone the use of invasive health care procedures” (para. 11).
Example: According to Smith (1997), … (Mind Over Matter section, 2018, para. 6).
DOIs and URLs
- Digital object identifiers (DOIs) and URLs are now both presented as hyperlinks for electronic sources.
- The label “DOI:” is no longer used for entries that include a DOI.
- The words “Retrieved from” (preceding the URL or DOI) are now only used when a retrieval date is also provided in the citation.
Tables and Figures in APA 7
Though the formatting for tables and figures has not dramatically changed from the sixth edition, a few relevant changes are as follows:
Tables and figures are now formatted in parallel—in other words, they use consistent rules for titles, notes, and numbering.
Tables and figures may now be presented either in the document’s text or after the reference list on separate pages.
When you want to enhance your paper by providing visual data, you need to ensure that you format your tables and figures in accordance with APA guidelines:
- Data that would require only one or two columns to present should be in written form, and thus, all tables should have three or more columns.
- Figures that have one column should be between 2 and 3.25 inches in width; two-column figures should be between 4.25 and 6.875 inches.
- Refer to figures in the text of the paper and include the figure after the end of the paragraph or in the appendix.
- Tables and figures should be numbered in the same sequence in which they are presented in the text (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.).
- If tables or figures are in the appendix, use capital letters and Arabic numbers to distinguish between them.
- Label all of your figures and tables appropriately.
- For tables, you must write the table number and title, capitalizing the keywords (Table 1. Title of the Table).
- If the table is adopted, include a regular APA in-text citation with a page number in brackets below the table.
- For figures, write the figure number and title in sentence case beneath the figure. Example: Figure 1. Title of the figure (Author, year, page).
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main purpose of the APA 7 format?
The main purpose of the APA 7 format is to provide a standardized method for writing and citing sources in academic and research papers, particularly in the social sciences, ensuring clarity, consistency, and credibility.
How do you format a title page in APA 7?
A title page in APA 7 includes the title of the paper, the author’s name, institutional affiliation, course number and name, instructor’s name, and due date. The title should be bolded and centered, and all text should be double-spaced.
What are the key differences between APA 6 and APA 7?
Key differences include the addition of guidelines for citing social media and online content, simplified in-text citation rules, and changes in the formatting of references for sources with multiple authors.
How do you cite a book in APA 7?
To cite a book in APA 7, include the author’s name, publication year, book title in italics, edition (if applicable), and the publisher. Example: Smith, J. A. (2020). Title of the book (2nd ed.). Publisher.
How do you cite a website in APA 7?
To cite a website in APA 7, include the author’s name, publication date, title of the web page in italics, website name, and URL. Example: Doe, J. (2021, January 15). Title of the web page. Website Name. https://www.example.com
What is the correct format for in-text citations in APA 7?
In-text citations in APA 7 include the author’s last name and the year of publication. For direct quotes, the page number is also included. Example: (Smith, 2020, p. 23).
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