Proper citation is crucial in academic writing, and the American Psychological Association (APA) style is widely used across various disciplines. The 7th edition of the APA manual, released in 2019, introduced several changes to book citation formats. This guide focuses on book citations in the APA 7th edition, providing clear instructions and examples for both print books and ebooks.
Components of a Book Citation in APA 7th Edition
A standard book citation in APA 7th edition typically includes the following elements:
Author(s)
Publication year
Book title
Publisher
The general format for a book citation in APA 7th edition is:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.
Print Book vs. Ebook Citations
While the basic structure remains similar, there are slight differences between citing print books and ebooks in the APA 7th edition. Here’s a comparison table:
Element
Print Book
Ebook
Author
Same
Same
Year
Same
Same
Title
Italicized
Italicized
Publisher
Include
Include ebooks with the publisher
DOI/URL
Not applicable
Include if available
Examples of Book Citations in APA 7th Edition
Print Book with One Author
Smith, J. (2022). The art of citation: A comprehensive guide. Academic Press.
Ebook with DOI
Johnson, M. (2021). Digital research methods. https://doi.org/10.1234/5678
Edited Book
Brown, L., & Green, K. (Eds.). (2023). Advances in cognitive psychology. Springer.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Taylor, R. (2020). Memory and learning. In S. White (Ed.), Cognitive processes (pp. 45-67). Oxford University Press.
Special Cases in Book Citation APA 7th Edition
Books with No Author
When citing a book with no author, move the title to the author position:
The Chicago Manual of Style. (2017). University of Chicago Press.
Multiple Editions
For books with multiple editions, include the edition number after the title:
Miller, T. (2019). Introduction to psychology (3rd ed.). Pearson.
Best Practices for Book Citation in APA 7th Edition
Always check the most recent APA guidelines for any updates.
Be consistent in your citation format throughout your document.
Include all necessary information to help readers locate the source.
Use hanging indentation for reference list entries.
Alphabetize entries in the reference list by the first author’s last name.
By following these guidelines for book citation in APA 7th edition, you’ll ensure your academic work is properly referenced and credible. Remember to always consult the official APA manual for the most up-to-date and detailed information on citation practices.
FAQ
How do I cite an ebook without a DOI or URL?
Cite it as a print book, omitting the DOI/URL.
Should I include the publisher’s location in APA 7th edition book citations?
No, publisher location is no longer required in APA 7th edition.
How do I cite a translated book?
Include the translator’s name after the title: Author, A. (Year). Title (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher.
What if a book has more than 20 authors?
List the first 19 authors, then use an ellipsis (…) followed by the final author’s name.
How do I cite a book that’s part of a series?
Include the series title and number in parentheses after the book title: Author, A. (Year). Book title (Series Title No. X). Publisher.
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Google Scholar has since changed how scholars and students retrieve and use sources to cite in their research. This guide will provide a step-by-step guide on using Google Scholar in your citation process.
Key Takeaways:
Google Scholar is a free academic search engine for scholarly literature
It offers various citation formats and tools for managing references
Advanced search features help refine results for more precise research
Understanding citation metrics can aid in evaluating source credibility
Google Scholar integrates with many university library systems for full-text access
What is Google Scholar and Why Use It for Citations?
Google Scholar is an open database where you can find articles, theses, books, conferences, and other resources on any kind of subject. First introduced to the public in 2004 by Google, it has remained the most widely used service for academic research and citation management.
Definition: Google Scholar
Google Scholar is defined as a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.
Why use Google Scholar for citations?
Comprehensive coverage of academic literature
Easy access to citation information
Integration with reference management tools
Ability to track article impact through citation metrics
Getting Started with Google Scholar
To begin using Google Scholar for your citation needs, follow these steps:
Access Google Scholar by visiting https://scholar.google.com
Create a Google account if you don’t already have one (optional but recommended for advanced features)
Familiarize yourself with the basic search interface
Basic Search Techniques
Google Scholar’s search bar functions similarly to the regular Google search engine. However, it’s optimized for academic content. Here are some basic search tips:
Use quotation marks for exact phrase searches
Employ Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to refine your search
Utilize the “author:” prefix to search for specific authors
Advanced Search Options
For more precise searches, click on the hamburger menu (≡) next to the search bar and select “Advanced search.” This opens up additional fields for refining your search, including:
Searching by publication date range
Filtering by subject areas
Limiting results to specific authors or publications
Advanced Search Feature
Description
Example Usage
With all of the words
Includes all specified terms
machine learning artificial intelligence
With the exact phrase
Searches for an exact phrase
“climate change mitigation”
With at least one of the words
Includes any of the specified terms
renewable solar wind hydroelectric
Without the words
Excludes specified terms
artificial intelligence -machine learning
Where my words occur
Limits where search terms appear
In the title of the article
Finding Relevant Sources
Once you’ve mastered the basics of searching, you can start finding relevant sources for your research and citations.
Filtering Search Results
Google Scholar allows you to filter your results in several ways:
By date: Choose “Since Year” or create a custom range
By type: Select “Review articles” for literature reviews
By language: Limit results to specific languages
Using the “Cited by” Feature
One of Google Scholar’s most powerful features is the “Cited by” link under each search result. This allows you to:
See how many times an article has been cited
Access a list of papers that have cited the original article
Identify more recent research on the same topic
Exploring Related Articles
Next to the “Cited by” link, you’ll often see a “Related articles” link. This feature uses Google’s algorithms to suggest similar papers, helping you discover relevant research you might have missed.
Understanding Google Scholar Citations
Google Scholar provides citation information for most indexed articles. This data can be valuable for understanding the impact and relevance of a particular paper.
Types of Citations Available
Google Scholar offers several citation formats, including:
MLA
APA
Chicago
Harvard
Vancouver
To access these, click on the quotation mark icon below a search result.
How to Interpret Citation Information
Citation metrics can provide insights into an article’s impact. Here’s what to look for:
Number of citations: Generally, more citations indicate higher impact
Publication date: Consider the article’s age when interpreting citation count
Author h-index: Visible on author profile pages, indicating overall research impact
Citation Metric
Description
Interpretation
Citation count
Number of times the article has been cited
A higher h-index indicates sustained research impact
h-index
Author-level metric based on their most cited papers
Higher h-index indicates sustained research impact
i10-index
Number of publications with at least 10 citations
Reflects breadth of impactful research
For more detailed information on citation metrics, you can refer to this guide from the University of Michigan.
Remember, while these metrics can be useful, they should not be the sole basis for evaluating research quality or relevance.
One of Google Scholar’s most useful features is its ability to generate citations in various formats automatically. This can save researchers considerable time and ensure consistency in citation style.
Accessing Citation Formats
To access citation formats for a particular article:
Click on the quotation mark icon beneath the search result
A pop-up window will appear with the citation in various formats
Available Citation Styles
Google Scholar offers several common citation styles, including:
Google Scholar integrates with many popular reference management tools, making it easy to build and organize your bibliography.
To export citations:
Click on the quotation mark icon
Select “BibTeX” at the bottom of the citation pop-up
Copy the BibTeX entry or download it as a .bib file
Import the BibTeX data into your preferred reference manager (e.g., Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote)
Reference Manager
Key Features
Google Scholar Integration
Zotero
Free, open-source
Direct import via browser extension
Mendeley
Free, with cloud storage
Manual import of BibTeX files
EndNote
Paid, comprehensive features
Manual import of BibTeX files
Reference Management Tools
For a comprehensive guide on choosing a reference manager, you might find resources from MIT Libraries helpful.
Tips for Effective Use of Google Scholar
To maximize the benefits of Google Scholar for your research and citation needs, consider implementing these advanced strategies.
Setting up Google Scholar Alerts
Google Scholar Alerts can keep you updated on new publications in your field of interest.
To set up an alert:
Perform a search for your topic of interest
Click on “Create alert” at the bottom of the search results page
Enter your email address and customize alert settings
Creating a Google Scholar Profile
A Google Scholar profile can help you track your publications and citations, as well as showcase your work to other researchers.
To create a profile:
Click on “My profile” at the top of the Google Scholar homepage
Follow the prompts to add your publications and personal information
Set your profile to public or private, depending on your preferences
Using the Library Links Feature
Google Scholar can be linked to your institution’s library, providing easy access to full-text articles to which your institution subscribes.
To set up library links:
Click on the hamburger menu (≡) and select “Settings”
Click on “Library links”
Search for and select your institution
Limitations and Considerations
While Google Scholar is a powerful tool, it’s important to be aware of its limitations and use it in conjunction with other research methods.
Coverage and Accuracy of Google Scholar
Broad coverage: Google Scholar indexes a wide range of academic publications, including some that may not be peer-reviewed.
Potential for errors: Due to its automated indexing, there can be occasional errors in metadata or citation information.
Bias towards English-language publications: Non-English publications may be underrepresented.
Comparison with Other Academic Databases
Database
Strengths
Limitations
Google Scholar
Free, broad coverage
Includes non-peer-reviewed content
Web of Science
High-quality, curated content
Subscription required, narrower scope
Scopus
Comprehensive citation analysis
Subscription required, bias towards recent publications
Comparison with Other Academic Databases
Remember, while Google Scholar is a valuable tool for finding and citing academic literature, it should be used in conjunction with other research methods and databases for comprehensive literature reviews. Always cross-reference important information and be critical of your sources, regardless of where you find them. By mastering these techniques for using Google Scholar, you’ll be well-equipped to efficiently find, evaluate, and cite scholarly sources in your academic work. Whether you’re a student working on a research paper or a professional staying up-to-date in your field, Google Scholar can be an invaluable resource in your academic toolkit.
FAQs
Can I trust all the sources I find on Google Scholar?
While Google Scholar indexes many reputable sources, it’s important to critically evaluate each source. Check the publication venue, author credentials, and citation count to gauge reliability.
How do I find the most recent research on a topic?
Use the “Since Year” filter on the left sidebar to limit results to recent publications. You can also sort results by date instead of relevance.
What should I do if I can’t access the full text of an article?
Try clicking on different versions of the article listed under the main result. If you’re affiliated with a university, ensure you’re logged in through your institution’s library portal. As a last resort, you can try contacting the author directly for a copy.
How can I exclude citations and patents from my search results?
In the left sidebar, uncheck the boxes next to “include citations” and “include patents” to filter these out of your results.
Is it possible to search for a specific file type, like PDF?
Yes, you can use the “filetype:” operator in your search query. For example, “climate change filetype:pdf” will return only PDF results.
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Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) have revolutionized the way we cite and access academic resources. DOIs are commonly used when citing academic resources obtained from digital space when doing assignments, writing essays, or doing dissertations. We will explore the significance of DOIs in citations and their impact on scholarly communication.
Key Takeaways
DOIs provide a persistent link to digital academic resources
Using DOIs in citations enhances credibility and accessibility
DOIs are preferred over URLs in many citation styles
DOIs help combat link rot and ensure long-term access to sources
Understanding DOI structure and usage improves citation practices.
What is a DOI?
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to digital objects, such as academic articles, books, and datasets. DOIs serve as persistent identifiers, ensuring the resource can be consistently located and accessed online, even if its URL changes.
Structure of a DOI
DOIs consist of two main parts:
Prefix: Identifies the registrant (e.g., publisher)
Suffix: Unique identifier for the specific resource
For example, in the DOI 10.1000/182, “10.1000” is the prefix, and “182” is the suffix.
DOI Component
Example
Purpose
Prefix
10.1000
Identifies the registrant
Suffix
182
Unique identifier for the resource
DOI Component
How DOIs Work
When a DOI is assigned to a digital object, it is registered with a DOI registration agency, such as CrossRef. This agency maintains a database that links the DOI to the current location of the resource. When a user clicks on a DOI link, they are redirected to the most up-to-date location of the resource.
Benefits of Using DOIs in Citations
Incorporating DOIs in citations offers several advantages:
Persistent Identification: DOIs provide a permanent link to the resource, even if its URL changes.
Easy Access: Readers can quickly locate and access the cited material.
Enhanced Credibility: DOIs are associated with scholarly, peer-reviewed content.
Reduced Link Rot: Unlike URLs, DOIs are not susceptible to link rot.
Related Question: How do DOIs combat link rot?
Link rot occurs when web pages become inaccessible due to changed or deleted URLs. DOIs combat this by providing a persistent identifier that always resolves to the current location of the resource, even if the URL has changed.
How to Find a DOI
DOIs are typically found in the following locations:
On the first page of a journal article
In the article’s online metadata
In the database record for the article
DOI Lookup Tools
If you can’t find a DOI, you can use lookup tools such as:
Different citation styles have specific formats that include DOIs. Here are examples of three common styles:
APA Format
In APA 7th edition, DOIs are presented as URLs: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx
MLA Format
MLA 9th edition includes DOIs in the following format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title, vol. number, issue number, Year, pp. pages. DOI: xxxxx.
Chicago Format
Chicago Style (17th edition) presents DOIs as follows: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx.
While both DOIs and URLs can be used to locate online resources, DOIs offer several advantages:
Persistence: DOIs remain valid even if the URL changes.
Reliability: DOIs are associated with scholarly, peer-reviewed content.
Brevity: DOIs are typically shorter than full URLs.
When to Use DOIs vs. URLs
Use a DOI whenever it’s available. If no DOI exists, use a stable URL. For web pages that are likely to change or be removed, consider using an archiving service like the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine to create a permanent snapshot of the page.
DOIs in Different Types of Publications
DOIs are widely used across various types of academic publications, enhancing their discoverability and citability.
Journal Articles
Journal articles are the most common type of publication that has DOIs. Most reputable academic journals assign DOIs to their articles, making them easily citable and accessible.
Books and Book Chapters
Increasingly, academic books and individual book chapters are being assigned DOIs. This practice is particularly common in e-books and open-access publications.
Conference Papers
Many conference proceedings and individual conference papers now receive DOIs, especially when published in digital formats or included in academic databases.
Publication Type
DOI Usage
Benefits
Journal Articles
Very common
Easy citation, increased visibility
Books/Chapters
Increasing
Improved discoverability, chapter-level citation
Conference Papers
Common in digital proceedings
Long-term accessibility, easier tracking of impact
Publication Types and DOI Usage
The Role of DOIs in Academic Integrity
DOIs play a crucial role in maintaining academic integrity by ensuring that sources can be accurately traced and verified. This is particularly important in the digital age, where information can be easily altered or removed.
Enhancing Reproducibility
In scientific research, DOIs contribute to reproducibility efforts by providing a permanent link to datasets, protocols, and other supplementary materials associated with a study.
Facilitating Peer Review
DOIs make it easier for peer reviewers to access and verify the sources cited in a manuscript, contributing to the rigor of the peer review process.
DOIs and Metadata
DOIs are closely linked to rich metadata about the academic resources they identify. This metadata can include:
Author information
Publication date
Journal or book title
Volume and issue numbers
Page numbers
Copyright information
Related Question: How does DOI metadata enhance discoverability?
DOI metadata enhances discoverability by providing comprehensive information about a resource. This allows search engines and academic databases to index the content more effectively, making it easier for researchers to find relevant sources.
DOIs in Citation Management Software
Many popular citation management tools, such as Zotero, Mendeley, and EndNote, can automatically retrieve and format DOIs in citations. This feature saves time and reduces errors in citation formatting.
Citation Management Tool
DOI Handling
Zotero
Automatic DOI lookup and formatting
Mendeley
Includes DOIs in exported citations
EndNote
Supports DOI fields and online lookup
Citation Management Tool
Future of DOIs in Academic Citations
As digital publishing continues to evolve, DOIs are likely to become even more integral to academic citations. Some potential developments include:
Increased use of DOIs for non-traditional academic outputs (e.g., datasets, software, videos)
Integration of DOIs with emerging technologies like blockchain for enhanced verification
Expansion of DOI usage in fields traditionally reliant on print publications
Frequently Asked Questions
What does DOI stand for?
DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier. It’s a unique alphanumeric string assigned to digital objects to provide a persistent link to their location on the internet.
Are all online academic sources required to have a DOI?
No, not all online academic sources have DOIs. While DOIs are common for journal articles and increasingly used for books and conference papers, many online sources, such as websites or informal publications, may not have DOIs.
Can a DOI ever change?
The DOI itself never changes. However, the URL that the DOI resolves to can be updated if the location of the resource changes. This is one of the key benefits of using DOIs in citations.
How do I create a DOI for my own work?
To create a DOI for your work, you typically need to publish through a registered DOI issuing organization, such as a journal publisher or institutional repository. Individuals cannot directly create their own DOIs.
What should I do if I can’t find a DOI for a source I’m citing?
If you can’t find a DOI for a source, use the most stable URL available. For online sources that may change, consider using a web archiving service to create a permanent snapshot of the page.
Are DOIs case-sensitive?
No, DOIs are not case-sensitive. Whether written in uppercase or lowercase, a DOI will resolve to the same location.
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Citations play a crucial role in academic writing, serving as the foundation for scholarly integrity and the advancement of knowledge. We will explore the significance of citations, their types, and best practices for their use in academic work.
Key Takeaways
Citations acknowledge the work of others and avoid plagiarism
Proper citation supports arguments and demonstrates research depth
Different citation styles exist for various academic disciplines
Citations contribute to academic integrity and reputation
Tools are available to help manage and generate citations.
What Are Citations in Academic Writing?
Citations are references to sources of information used in academic writing. They serve as a way to give credit to the original authors of ideas, theories, or research findings that a writer incorporates into their work. Proper citation is essential for maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism.
Why Are Citations Important?
The importance of citations in academic writing cannot be overstated. They serve several critical functions:
Acknowledging Sources: Citations give credit to the original authors of ideas, theories, or research findings.
Avoiding Plagiarism: Proper citation ensures that writers don’t present others’ work as their own.
Supporting Arguments: Citations provide evidence to back up claims and arguments made in academic work.
Demonstrating Research Depth: A well-cited paper shows the breadth and depth of research conducted.
Function of Citations
Importance
Source Acknowledgment
Gives credit to original authors
Plagiarism Prevention
Ensures academic honesty
Argument Support
Provides evidence for claims
Research Demonstration
Shows breadth of study
Functions and Importance of Citations
Types of Citations in Academic Writing
There are two main types of citations used in academic writing:
In-text Citations
In-text citations are brief references included within the body of the text. They typically include the author’s last name and the year of publication, sometimes accompanied by a page number for direct quotes.
Reference Lists and Bibliographies
At the end of an academic work, a comprehensive list of all sources cited is provided. This can be in the form of a reference list (for APA style) or a bibliography (for MLA or Chicago styles).
Citation Styles in Academic Writing
Different academic disciplines use various citation styles. The three most common are:
APA (American Psychological Association): Commonly used in social sciences and education.
MLA (Modern Language Association): Frequently used in humanities, especially literature and language studies.
Chicago/Turabian: Often used in history, business, and fine arts.
Each style has specific rules for formatting both in-text citations and the reference list or bibliography.
Here is the improved table for citation styles, their primary disciplines, and in-text citation formats:
Citation Style
Primary Disciplines
In-text Citation Format
APA
Social Sciences, Education
(Author, Year)
MLA
Humanities, Literature
(Author Page)
Chicago
History, Business, Arts
Footnotes or (Author Year)
Citation Styles in Academic Writing
The Impact of Citations on Academic Integrity
Citations are fundamental to academic integrity. They ensure that proper credit is given to original sources and help prevent plagiarism. According to a study published in the Journal of Academic Ethics, proper citation practices are strongly correlated with overall academic success and ethical behaviour in research.
Ethical Considerations
Using citations correctly demonstrates respect for intellectual property and the work of other scholars. It also helps maintain the credibility of academic discourse by allowing readers to verify information and explore topics further.
Academic Reputation
Consistently using proper citations can enhance an author’s reputation in the academic community. It shows attention to detail, respect for other researchers, and a commitment to scholarly rigour.
Tools for Managing Citations
Several tools are available to help researchers manage their citations effectively:
Reference Management Software: Programs like Mendeley, Zotero, and EndNote help organize sources and generate citations automatically.
Online Citation Generators: Websites such as Cite This For Me and EasyBib can quickly create citations in various styles.
These tools can save time and reduce errors in citation formatting, but it’s important to review the generated citations for accuracy.
Common Challenges in Citing Sources
While citations are crucial for academic integrity, they can present some challenges for writers. Here are some common issues and how to address them:
Citing Multiple Authors
When citing works with multiple authors, the format can vary depending on the citation style and the number of authors. For example:
Number of Authors
APA Style
MLA Style
Two Authors
(Smith & Jones, 2020)
(Smith and Jones 45)
Three or More Authors
(Smith et al., 2020)
(Smith et al. 45)
Number of Authors
Citing Online Sources
With the increasing reliance on digital resources, citing online sources has become more common. When citing online sources, include the following elements:
Author (if available)
Date of publication or last update
Title of the webpage or article
Website name
URL
Date of access (for some citation styles)
For example, in APA style: Smith, J. (2021, May 15). The future of academic publishing. Academic Insights. https://www.academicinsights.com/future-publishing
Citing Secondary Sources
Sometimes, you may need to cite a source that you haven’t read directly but have seen cited in another work. This is known as a secondary source. While it’s best to consult the original source whenever possible, if you must cite a secondary source, make it clear in your citation.
For example, in APA style: (Johnson, 2018, as cited in Smith, 2020)
This indicates that you’re referencing Johnson’s work, which you read about in Smith’s publication.
The Role of Citations in the Digital Age
As academic publishing evolves in the digital age, so does the importance and function of citations. Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) have become increasingly important, providing a persistent link to electronic documents even if their URL changes.
Enhancing Discoverability
Citations in digital formats can include hyperlinks, making it easier for readers to access original sources. This enhances the discoverability of research and promotes a more interconnected academic ecosystem.
Measuring Impact
Citations are often used as a metric for measuring the impact and influence of academic work. Tools like Google Scholar use citation data to calculate metrics such as the h-index, which attempts to measure both the productivity and impact of a researcher.
Here is the information formatted as a table:
Citation Metric
Description
Citation Count
Total number of times a work has been cited
h-index
Measures both productivity and citation impact
Impact Factor
Average number of citations received per published article for a journal
Citation Metric
Best Practices for Citation
To ensure your citations are effective and maintain academic integrity:
Cite as You Write: Don’t wait until the end to add citations. Include them as you incorporate ideas from other sources.
Use Primary Sources: Whenever possible, consult and cite original sources rather than secondary interpretations.
Be Consistent: Stick to one citation style throughout your work.
Check for Accuracy: Always double-check your citations for correctness in both content and format.
Use Citation Management Tools: Utilize software to help organize and format your citations, but always review for accuracy.
By better understanding and implementing proper citation practices, you can enhance the credibility of your academic writing, contribute to the scholarly conversation in your field, and maintain the highest standards of academic integrity.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?
A reference list includes only the sources directly cited in your work, while a bibliography may include sources that influenced your thinking but weren’t directly cited.
How do I cite a source with no author?
When no author is listed, use the title of the work in place of the author’s name. If the title is long, use a shortened version in the in-text citation.
Can I cite Wikipedia in academic writing?
Generally, Wikipedia is not considered a reliable academic source. However, you can use it as a starting point and follow the citations to find primary sources.
How do I avoid accidental plagiarism?
To avoid accidental plagiarism, always cite sources when you use others’ ideas, even if you’re paraphrasing. Use quotation marks for direct quotes, and keep careful notes during your research.
How many citations should I include in my paper?
There’s no set number of citations to include. The appropriate number depends on the length of your paper, the topic, and the expectations of your field or assignment. Focus on citing all necessary sources to support your arguments.
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In the world of academic and professional writing, proper citations are crucial. Online reference generators have become indispensable tools for students and researchers alike. This guide will explore some of the best online reference generators, their features, and how to use them effectively.
Key Takeaways
Online reference generators streamline the citation process
The best generators offer various features and support multiple citation styles.
Choosing the right generator depends on individual needs and academic requirements.
Proper use of these tools can save time and improve citation accuracy
Understanding citation basics is still essential for the effective use of these tools.
What is an Online Reference Generator?
An online reference generator is a digital tool designed to automatically create citations and bibliographies for various sources. These tools simplify the often tedious process of formatting references using specific citation styles such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard.
Why Are Proper Citations Important?
Proper citations serve several critical purposes in academic and professional writing:
Giving credit to original authors
Avoiding plagiarism
Allowing readers to locate and verify sources
Demonstrating the depth and breadth of research
The Best Online Reference Generators
1. Citation Machine
Citation Machine is a popular choice among students and professionals. It offers:
Support for multiple citation styles
A user-friendly interface
Grammar and plagiarism-checking features
If you want to access the citation machine website, click here.
CiteFast is another notable online reference generator that deserves mention:
Simple and intuitive interface
Supports APA, MLA, and Chicago citation styles
Offers a browser extension for easy citation while researching
To access the CiteFast reference generator, click here.
7. QuillBot
While primarily known for its paraphrasing tool, QuillBot also offers a robust citation generator:
Supports multiple citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Chicago
Integrates with its other writing tools like grammar checker and paraphraser
Offers a Chrome extension for convenient citing
To access the Quillbot reference generator, click here.
Comparison of Features
Feature
Citation Machine
EasyBib
Cite This For Me
BibMe
Zotero
CiteFast
QuillBot
Free Version
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Premium Version
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Citation Styles
7+
7+
7000+
7+
9000+
38+
38+
Plagiarism Checker
Yes (Premium)
Yes (Premium)
No
Yes (Premium)
No
No
Yes (Premium)
Browser Extension
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mobile App
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Additional Tools
Grammar checker
None
Project saving
Grammar checker
Reference management
None
Paraphraser, Grammar checker
Comparison of Features of Different Online Reference Generators
How to Choose the Right Reference Generator
Selecting the best online reference generator depends on several factors:
Academic requirements: Ensure the tool supports the citation style required by your institution.
Ease of use: Look for an intuitive interface that streamlines your workflow.
Integration: Consider tools that integrate with your preferred writing software.
Additional features: Some generators offer plagiarism checking, grammar correction, or note-taking capabilities.
Related Question: Which citation generator is most accurate?
While all top reference generators strive for accuracy, studies have shown that Zotero and Cite This For Me often produce the most accurate citations. However, it’s important to note that no generator is perfect, and manual verification is always recommended.
Tips for Using Online Reference Generators Effectively
To make the most of these tools:
Double-check all generated citations: Automated systems can make mistakes, especially with complex or unusual sources.
Understand basic citation principles: Knowing the fundamentals will help you spot and correct errors.
Keep your sources organized: Many generators allow you to save and categorize your references.
Use additional features: Take advantage of note-taking or file attachment options if available.
Related Question: Can online reference generators handle all types of sources?
Most modern reference generators can handle a wide variety of sources, including:
Books and e-books
Journal articles
Websites
Videos and podcasts
Social media posts
Government documents
However, for very unusual or specialized sources, you may need to manually adjust the citation or consult your style guide.
Benefits of Using Online Reference Generators
Incorporating these tools into your research and writing process offers several advantages:
Time-saving: Automatically formatting citations can significantly reduce the time spent on bibliographies.
Consistency: These tools ensure that all your citations follow the same format.
Reduced errors: While not perfect, automated citation generally results in fewer formatting mistakes than manual entry.
Up-to-date styles: Online tools are often updated to reflect the latest changes in citation styles.
Related Question: Do professors allow the use of citation generators?
Most professors allow and even encourage the use of citation generators, recognizing their efficiency and potential for accuracy. However, it’s always best to confirm with your instructor and ensure that you’re using a reputable tool.
Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
While online reference generators are powerful tools, they’re not without potential issues:
Over-reliance on automation: Always review and verify generated citations.
Incorrect source information: Double-check that you’ve entered the correct details for each source.
Misunderstanding citation styles: Familiarize yourself with the basics of your required citation style.
Neglecting in-text citations: Many generators focus on bibliographies, but in-text citations are equally important.
To avoid these pitfalls:
Regularly consult official style guides
Keep up with updates to citation styles
Practice manual citation to understand the process better
Future of Online Reference Generators
As technology continues to evolve, so do online reference generators. Here are some trends shaping their future:
AI Integration
Artificial Intelligence is set to revolutionize reference generators by:
Improving accuracy in source recognition
Offering more context-aware citation suggestions
Enhancing natural language processing for better understanding of source content
Enhanced Collaboration Features
Future reference generators are likely to include:
Real-time collaboration tools for group projects
Integration with cloud storage services for seamless sharing
Version control for tracking changes in citations and bibliographies
Broader Source Recognition
Expect improvements in citing:
Data sets and software
Virtual and augmented reality content
Blockchain and decentralized sources
Related Question: Will AI replace the need for a manual citation?
While AI will significantly improve citation tools, it’s unlikely to replace the need for human oversight completely. Understanding citation principles will remain crucial for accurate and ethical academic writing.
Impact on Academic Integrity
The evolution of online reference generators has implications for academic integrity:
Positive Impacts
Potential Concerns
Reduced unintentional plagiarism
Over-reliance on technology
Improved consistency in citations
Potential for new forms of academic dishonesty
More time for substantive research
Reduced understanding of citation principles
Impact on Academic Integrity
Balancing Technology and Skills
To maintain academic integrity while benefiting from these tools:
Use reference generators as aids, not substitutes, for understanding.
Regularly update your knowledge of citation styles
Develop critical thinking skills to evaluate sources
Understand your institution’s policies on citation tool usage
Integrating Reference Generators with Writing Workflows
Maximizing the benefits of online reference generators involves seamlessly integrating them into your writing process:
During Research
Use browser extensions to save sources as you find them
Take advantage of note-taking features to capture key points
While Writing
Utilize in-text citation features to insert citations as you write
Use placeholder citations for sources you plan to add later
Editing and Proofreading
Run a final check on all citations
Use built-in grammar and plagiarism checkers (if available)
Related Question: How can I ensure my citations are correct when using an online generator?
To ensure accuracy:
Double-check all inputted information
Verify generated citations against official style guides
Keep your generator updated to the latest version
Manually review and adjust citations as needed
Conclusion
Online reference generators have become invaluable tools in academic and professional writing. They offer significant time-saving benefits and can improve the consistency and accuracy of citations. However, it’s crucial to use these tools wisely, understanding their limitations and the importance of maintaining academic integrity. As these tools continue to evolve, integrating AI and enhanced collaboration features, they will likely become even more integral to the research and writing process. Nevertheless, a solid understanding of citation principles and critical thinking skills will remain essential for producing high-quality academic work. By leveraging the power of online reference generators while maintaining a commitment to academic rigour, writers can streamline their workflow, reduce errors, and focus more on the substance of their research and writing.
FAQs
Are online reference generators accurate?
Online reference generators are generally accurate, but they’re not infallible. The accuracy depends on:
The quality of the input data
The complexity of the source
How up-to-date the generator is with current citation standards
It’s always recommended that generated citations be reviewed for accuracy.
Can I use online reference generators for all types of sources?
Most modern reference generators can handle a wide variety of sources, including books, journal articles, websites, and multimedia. However, for very specialized or unusual sources, you may need to manually adjust the citation or consult your style guide.
Are there any free online reference generators?
Yes, many online reference generators offer free versions with basic features. Some popular free options include:
Zotero (completely free and open-source)
Citation Machine (free version available)
EasyBib (free version available)
Premium versions often offer additional features like plagiarism checking and unlimited citations.
How do I choose between different citation styles?
Choosing a citation style typically depends on the following:
Your field of study (e.g., APA for social sciences, MLA for humanities)
Your instructor’s or publisher’s requirements
The type of document you’re writing (e.g., research paper, thesis)
Always check with your instructor or consult your course syllabus for specific requirements.
Can online reference generators help with in-text citations?
Yes, many online reference generators provide assistance with in-text citations. They can generate both the full reference for your bibliography and the corresponding in-text citation. However, you’ll need to manually insert these in-text citations into your document at the appropriate places.
How often are online reference generators updated?
The frequency of updates varies by platform. Reputable generators typically update their systems when there are significant changes to major citation styles. It’s a good practice to check for updates regularly, especially at the beginning of each academic term.
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In the realm of technical and scientific writing, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) citation and referencing style stands as a cornerstone for clear, concise, and credible documentation. This standardized format ensures that engineers, computer scientists, and other technical professionals can effectively communicate their research findings while giving due credit to their sources. Whether you’re a student preparing a thesis or a seasoned researcher drafting a journal article, mastering the IEEE citation style is crucial for success in your academic and professional endeavours.
Key Takeaways
The IEEE citation style is widely used in technical and scientific writing.
It employs a numerical system for in-text citations and a corresponding reference list.
Proper use of the IEEE style enhances the credibility and clarity of research papers.
Various tools and resources are available to assist with IEEE citation formatting.
Understanding the Basics of IEEE Citation Style
What is IEEE Citation Style?
IEEE citation style is a numbered referencing system widely adopted in technical fields such as engineering, computer science, and information technology. It provides a structured method for citing sources within the text and creating a comprehensive reference list at the end of a document.
Key Components of IEEE Citations
In-text Citations: References are numbered in square brackets, e.g., [1], in the order of appearance.
Reference List: A detailed list of all cited sources, numbered correspondingly to the in-text citations.
Citation Within the Text
The document or the report itself contains the initial phase of the reference citation procedure. Simple sequential numbers must be used within the text to indicate each citation. The specific reference is indicated in the report text by a number in square brackets. Citations are numbered according to their appearance order. The number of sources utilized in all subsequent report references is determined once they have been cited. Except for the citation reference information, there is no differentiation between print and electronic sources.
Every citation number must be placed within square brackets on the same line as the text, preceding any punctuation, and with a space preceding the bracket.
Note: Authors and dates do not have to be written out after the first reference; use the bracketed number. Also, it is not necessary to write “in reference [2].” Just write “in [2].”
The preferred method to cite more than one source at a time is to list each reference in its own brackets, then separate with a comma or dash:
[1], [3], [5]
[1]– [5]
Reference Lists
To finish citing sources, a numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the paper. The list is comprised of sequential enumerated citations, with details beginning with [1], and is not alphabetical.
Page Format
Place references flush left
Single-space entries, double-space between.
Place the number of entries at the left margin enclosed in brackets.
Indent text of entries.
The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of electronic and print sources. These citations are the ones in widest use. Not everything is listed.
Electronic Documents
E-books
[1] L. Erick, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 3rd ed.
[2] R. B. Smith, “Quantum Computing,” in The Oxford Handbook of Quantum Information. Oxford University Press, [online document], 2005. Available: Oxford Handbooks Online, http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com [Accessed: June 15, 2008].
Journal Article Abstract (accessed from an online database)
[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, “Deriving objects from use cases in real-time embedded systems,” Information and Software Technology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract]. Available: ProQuest, http://www.umi.com/proquest/ [Accessed November 12, 2007].
Journal Article in Scholarly Journal (published free of charge on the Internet)
[2] A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/ . [Accessed Dec. 2, 2007].
Newspaper Article from the Internet
[3] C. Wilson-Clark, “Computers ranked as key literacy,” The Atlanta JournalConstitution, para. 3, March 29, 2007. [Online], Available: http://www.thewest.com.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2007].
Internet Documents
Professional Internet Site
[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guide for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,”European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI-TR-101, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.etsi.org. [Accessed: Nov. 12, 2007].
General Internet Site
[2] J. Geralds, “Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast,” vnunet.com, para. 2, Jan. 31, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://nli.vnunet.com/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12, 2007].
[1]S. Bhanndahar. ECE 4321. Class Lecture, Topic: “Bluetooth can’t help you.” School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 9, 2008.
Print Documents
Books
Single Author
[1]W. K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press, 2003.
Edited Book
[2] J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir, Eds., Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001.
Selection in an Edited Book
[3] E. D. Lipson and B. D. Horwitz, “Photosensory reception and transduction,” in Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction, J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir, Eds. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001, pp-1-64.
Three or More Authors
[4] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, and S. Wheelwright, Operations, Strategy, and Technical Knowledge. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.
Book by an Institutional or Organizational Author
[5] Council of Biology Editors, Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 6th ed., Chicago: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Manual
[6] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission System for Communication, Bell Telephone Lab, 2005.
Application Note
[7] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp.25-29.
Note: Titles of unpublished works are not italicized or capitalized. Capitalize only the first word.
Technical Report
[8] K. E. Elliott and C. M. Greene, “A local adaptive protocol,” Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Report. 916-1010-BB, 7 Apr. 2007.
Patent/Standard
[9] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, “Fuzzy controller component,” U. S. Patent 14, 860,040, 14 Dec., 2006.
[11] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Pocket Statistics. Washington, DC: Office of Headquarters Operations, 2007.
Paper Published in Conference Proceedings
[12] J. Smith, R. Jones, and K. Trello, “Adaptive filtering in data communications with self-improved error reference,” In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications ’04, 2004, pp. 65-68.
Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished)
[13] H. A. Nimr, “Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzy controllers,” presented at 5th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 2006.
Thesis or Dissertation (unpublished)
[14] H. Zhang, “Delay-insensitive networks,” M. S. thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 2007.
Article in Encyclopedia, Signed
[15]O. Singh, “Computer graphics,” in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007, pp. 279-291.
Journal Articles
Article in Journal (paginated by annual volume)
[8] K. A. Nelson, R. J. Davis, D. R. Lutz, and W. Smith, “Optical generation of tunable ultrasonic waves,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 53, no. 2, Feb., pp. 1144-1149, 2002.
Article in Professional Journal (paginated by issue)
[9] J. Atapangittya, “Social studies in gibberish,” Quarterly Review of Doublespeak, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 9-10, 2003.
Article in Monthly or Bimonthly Periodical
[10] J. Fallows, “Networking technology,” Atlantic Monthly, Jul., pp. 34-36, 2007.
Article in Daily, Weekly, or Biweekly Newspaper or Magazine
[11]B. Metcalfe, “The numbers show how slowly the Internet runs today,” Infoworld,30 Sep., p. 34, 2006.
How Does IEEE Differ from Other Citation Styles?
IEEE employs a numerical system unlike the APA or MLA, which use author-date systems. This approach is particularly beneficial in technical writing, where multiple references to the same source are common.
Feature
IEEE
APA
MLA
In-text Citation
[1]
(Author, Year)
(Author Page)
Citation Order
Order of appearance
Alphabetical
Alphabetical
Reference List
Numbered list
Alphabetical list
Alphabetical list
How Does IEEE Differs from Other Citation Styles
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Even experienced writers can make errors when using the IEEE citation style. Here are some common pitfalls and how to steer clear of them:
Incorrect Numbering: Ensure that your in-text citation numbers match the order in your reference list.
Inconsistent Formatting: Maintain consistency in punctuation, capitalization, and italicization across all your citations.
Missing Information: Double-check that all required elements are included for each source type.
To avoid these mistakes, consider using citation management software or online citation generators. However, always review the output for accuracy, as these tools are not infallible.
Tools and Resources for IEEE Citation
Several tools can streamline the process of creating IEEE citations:
Citation Management Software
EndNote
Zotero
Mendeley
These programs can help you organize your sources and automatically generate citations in IEEE format.
Online Citation Generators
IEEE Citation Generator by Citation Machine
BibMe IEEE Citation Generator
EasyBib IEEE Citation Tool
While convenient, always double-check the output of these generators against official IEEE guidelines.
Official IEEE Style Guides
For the most authoritative information, refer to:
IEEE Editorial Style Manual
IEEE Reference Guide
These resources provide comprehensive guidelines on IEEE citation and writing style.
IEEE Citation in Different Fields
While the basic principles of IEEE citation remain consistent, there may be slight variations or additional requirements depending on your specific field of study:
Engineering
In engineering disciplines, pay special attention to citing technical reports, patents, and industry standards. For example:
[5] ASME, “Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1,” ASME, New York, 2023.
Computer Science
Computer science papers often involve citing algorithms, software, and online repositories. For instance:
By understanding these field-specific nuances, you can ensure that your citations are not only correct but also relevant to your area of expertise.
Remember, the key to mastering the IEEE citation style is practice and attention to detail. As you continue to use this format in your writing, you’ll find it becomes second nature, allowing you to focus more on the content of your research rather than the technicalities of citation.
Benefits of Using IEEE Citation Style
Adopting the IEEE citation style offers several advantages for technical and scientific writers:
Consistency in Technical Writing
IEEE style provides a uniform format for citing sources across various technical disciplines. This consistency helps readers quickly locate and verify references, enhancing the overall clarity of the document.
Facilitating Cross-Referencing
The numerical system used in IEEE citations makes it easy to refer to the same source multiple times without disrupting the flow of the text. This is particularly useful in technical papers where a single source might be referenced in different sections.
Enhancing Credibility of Research
Proper citation using the IEEE style demonstrates academic integrity and gives credit to original sources. This practice not only avoids plagiarism but also strengthens the credibility of your research by showing a thorough understanding of existing literature in your field.
Advanced IEEE Citation Techniques
As you become more familiar with the IEEE style, you can employ some advanced techniques to refine your citations:
Citing Multiple Sources
When referencing multiple sources at once, you can group them within a single set of brackets:
For consecutive numbers: [1]-[3]
For non-consecutive numbers: [1], [3], [5]
Referring to Specific Parts of a Source
To direct readers to a particular section, table, or figure within a source, you can add this information to your in-text citation:
[2, Fig. 3] or [4, Ch. 2, pp. 25-30]
Citing Standards and Patents
Technical writing often involves referencing industry standards and patents. Here’s how to cite them:
Standards:
[8] IEEE Standard for Information Technology, IEEE Standard 802.11, 2020.
Patents:
[9] J. Inventor, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent 1 234 567, Sept. 15, 2023.
IEEE Citation Style: Best Practices
To ensure your IEEE citations are top-notch, consider these best practices:
Stay Updated: Regularly check the IEEE website for the latest citation guidelines.
Be Consistent: Maintain the same format throughout your document.
Use DOIs: When available, include Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for online sources.
Check Abbreviations: Use standard abbreviations for journal titles as specified by IEEE.
Verify Accuracy: Double-check all citations against original sources.
Adapting to Different IEEE Publications
Different IEEE publications may have slight variations in their citation requirements. Always consult the specific guidelines for the journal or conference you’re submitting to. Some common variations include:
The use of et al. for papers with more than six authors
The inclusion of article numbers for online-only journals
Specific formatting for symposium or conference proceedings
IEEE Citation in the Digital Age
As research increasingly moves online, the IEEE citation style has adapted to accommodate digital sources:
Example: [11] IEEE Spectrum, “The Future of AI: IEEE Expert Insights,” YouTube, Mar. 15, 2024. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcdefghijk. [Accessed: July 6, 2024].
FAQs
Q: How do I cite a source with no author? A: If no author is listed, start the citation with the title of the work.
Q: Should I include URLs for all online sources? A: Include URLs for web pages and online documents that are not from established publications. For journal articles, a DOI is preferred if available.
Q: How do I cite a source that I’ve referenced multiple times? A: Use the same citation number throughout your document, even if you reference the source in different sections.
Q: What’s the difference between a reference list and a bibliography in IEEE style? A: In IEEE style, you typically use a reference list, which includes only the sources you’ve cited in your work. A bibliography, which includes all sources consulted (even if not directly cited), is less common.
Q: Can I use footnotes in IEEE style? A: While not typically used for citations, footnotes can be used for additional information or explanations. Number them separately from your references.
Q: How do I cite my own previously published work? A: Cite your own work just as you would any other source, using your name as the author.
By mastering IEEE citation and referencing style, you’re equipping yourself with an essential skill for effective technical and scientific communication. Remember that while tools and resources can assist you, developing a keen eye for detail and consistently applying the rules will ultimately lead to flawless citations. As you continue to engage with IEEE style in your academic and professional writing, you’ll find it becomes an invaluable asset in presenting your research clearly, credibly, and professionally.
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Referencing is a crucial aspect of academic writing. It ensures that the original authors of the sources you use in your work are properly credited and helps readers verify the information. With numerous referencing styles available, it’s important to understand the specifics of each to apply them correctly in your papers. This guide covers the most common referencing styles students should know, including APA, MLA, Chicago, and more.
Understanding Referencing
Referencing involves acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you incorporate into your academic work. Proper referencing is essential to avoid plagiarism, provide evidence for your arguments, and give credit to the original authors.
Importance of Referencing in Academic Writing
Referencing plays a vital role in academic writing for several reasons:
Credibility: Citing sources enhances the credibility of your work.
Verification: Readers can verify the information and further explore the topic.
Acknowledgement: It acknowledges the contributions of other researchers and avoids plagiarism.
Overview of Common Referencing Styles
Different academic disciplines prefer different referencing styles. Here is an overview of the most common ones:
APA Style
History and Development of APA Style
The American Psychological Association (APA) style was developed to help authors achieve clarity in their scholarly writing and to standardize the format of papers and citations.
General APA Guidelines
APA style requires double-spaced text, a title page, and a reference list. The paper should have 1-inch margins and be typed in a readable font, such as 12-point Times New Roman.
APA In-Text Citations
In-text citations in APA style follow the author-date format. For example: (Smith, 2020).
APA Reference List Format
The reference list should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author. Each entry should include the author’s name, publication year, title, and source. For example:
Smith, J. (2020). Title of the Book. Publisher.
MLA Style
History and Development of MLA Style
The Modern Language Association (MLA) style is widely used in the humanities, especially in writing on language and literature.
General MLA Guidelines
MLA style uses a Works Cited page and in-text citations with the author’s last name and page number. The paper should be double-spaced with 1-inch margins.
MLA In-Text Citations
In-text citations in MLA style include the author’s last name and the page number (Smith 23).
MLA Works Cited Format
Entries in the Works Cited list should be alphabetized by the author’s last name and include the author’s name, title, publisher, and publication year. For example:
Smith, John. Title of the Book. Publisher, 2020.
Chicago Style
History and Development of Chicago Style
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) offers two systems: Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. It is commonly used in history and other humanities disciplines.
General Chicago Guidelines
Chicago style allows for either the Notes and Bibliography system or the Author-Date system. Papers should have 1-inch margins and be double-spaced.
Chicago Notes and Bibliography System
This system uses footnotes or endnotes for in-text citations and a bibliography at the end of the paper.
Chicago Author-Date System
The Author-Date system uses in-text citations with the author’s last name, publication year, and a reference list.
Harvard Style
History and Development of Harvard Style
Harvard referencing is commonly used in the UK and Australia, especially in the social and natural sciences.
General Harvard Guidelines
Harvard style requires in-text citations with the author’s last name, year of publication, and a reference list.
Harvard In-Text Citations
In-text citations include the author’s last name and year of publication (Smith, 2020).
Harvard Reference List Format
The reference list should be alphabetized by the author’s last name and include the author’s name, publication year, title, and source.
Vancouver Style
History and Development of Vancouver Style
Vancouver style is used in medical and scientific papers, particularly in publications by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).
General Vancouver Guidelines
Vancouver style uses numbered citations in the text and a corresponding numbered reference list.
Vancouver In-Text Citations
In-text citations are indicated by numbers in parentheses or superscript: (1).
Vancouver Reference List Format
References are listed in the order they appear in the text, not alphabetically.
IEEE Style
History and Development of IEEE Style
The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) style is used mainly in technical fields, particularly in engineering and computer science.
General IEEE Guidelines
The IEEE style uses numbered references in the text, with a corresponding list at the end of the document.
IEEE In-Text Citations
In-text citations are indicated by numbers in square brackets: [1].
IEEE Reference List Format
References are listed in numerical order.
Turabian Style
History and Development of Turabian Style
Turabian style, based on The Chicago Manual of Style, is designed for college students writing papers, theses, and dissertations.
General Turabian Guidelines
Turabian style allows for either the Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date citation methods.
Turabian Notes and Bibliography System
This system uses footnotes or endnotes and a bibliography.
Turabian Author-Date System
The Author-Date system uses in-text citations with the author’s last name, publication year, and a reference list.
CSE Style
History and Development of CSE Style
The Council of Science Editors (CSE) style is used in scientific papers, especially in biology.
General CSE Guidelines
CSE style uses three systems: Name-Year, Citation-Sequence, and Citation-Name.
CSE In-Text Citations
In the Name-Year system, in-text citations include the author’s last name and year of publication (Smith 2020).
CSE Reference List Format
The reference list format varies depending on the system used.
ASA Style
History and Development of ASA Style
The American Sociological Association (ASA) style is used mainly in sociology.
General ASA Guidelines
ASA style uses in-text citations with the author’s last name, year of publication, and a reference list.
ASA In-Text Citations
In-text citations include the author’s last name and year of publication (Smith 2020).
ASA Reference List Format
References should be alphabetized by the author’s last name and include the author’s name, publication year, title, and source.
Bluebook Style
History and Development of Bluebook Style
The Bluebook style is used primarily in legal documents and law reviews.
General Bluebook Guidelines
Bluebook style uses footnotes for citations and a reference list for longer works.
Bluebook In-Text Citations
Citations are provided in footnotes, often with detailed information.
Bluebook Reference List Format
The reference list includes detailed citations for all referenced works.
Oxford Style
History and Development of Oxford Style
Oxford style, also known as the documentary-note style, is used in the humanities, particularly in history.
General Oxford Guidelines
Oxford style uses footnotes or endnotes for citations and a bibliography.
Oxford In-Text Citations
Citations are indicated by superscript numbers in the text, with corresponding footnotes or endnotes.
Oxford Reference List Format
The bibliography is alphabetized by the author’s last name and includes full publication details.
Differences Between Referencing Styles
Different referencing styles vary in their use of in-text citations, reference list formats, and specific guidelines. Understanding these differences is essential for correctly applying the appropriate style.
Choosing the Right Referencing Style for Your Paper
Selecting the right referencing style depends on your field of study, the requirements of your instructor, and the conventions of the academic discipline.
Common Mistakes in Referencing and How to Avoid Them
Common mistakes in referencing include incorrect citation formats, missing citations, and inconsistent use of styles. To avoid these errors, carefully follow the guidelines of the chosen style and double-check your references.
Tools and Resources for Managing References
Several tools and resources can help manage references, including:
How do I choose the right referencing style for my paper?
Choosing the right referencing style depends on your field of study and the requirements of your instructor. Common styles include APA, MLA, and Chicago.
What is the difference between in-text citations and a reference list?
In-text citations are brief references within the text, while the reference list provides detailed information about all the sources cited in the paper.
Can I use multiple referencing styles in one paper?
It’s generally not recommended to mix referencing styles in one paper. Consistency is key to maintaining clarity and credibility.
What should I do if I can’t find the publication date for a source?
If the publication date is unavailable, use “n.d.” (no date) in place of the year.
How do I cite a source with multiple authors?
The format for citing multiple authors varies by style. In APA, list all authors the first time, and for subsequent citations, use “et al.” after the first author’s name if there are more than two authors.
Can I use online citation generators for referencing?
Yes, online citation generators can be helpful, but always double-check their accuracy and ensure they follow the specific guidelines of your chosen style.
Conclusion
Understanding and correctly applying referencing styles is essential for academic writing. By familiarizing yourself with the guidelines of various styles, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and others, you can ensure your work is credible, properly cited, and free from plagiarism. Use this guide to navigate the complexities of referencing and excel in your academic endeavors.
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The AMA Citation Style Guide (10th ed.) is a comprehensive reference guide developed to align with the standards set by the American Medical Association for citing sources in medical and scientific writing. The guide provides detailed instructions on how to format citations and references for various types of sources. The AMA style ensures consistency and accuracy in scholarly publications. It is based on the AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors, 10th edition, published by Oxford University Press in 2007.
General Principles of Formatting
The AMA Manual of Style is not very specific about formatting requirements, and students should usually follow the instructions of their professors. If none are provided by the instructor, the following are the style recommendations.
All text in an AMA-styled document should be double-spaced, including the title page, abstract, body text, and tables, except for the abstract and references, which should be single-spaced. This enhances the readability of the document.
Like other formatting styles such as APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, and OSCOLA, the AMA style requires paper margins to be 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides. This provides a consistent and professional appearance to the document.
Font Types and Sizes
While any font type is acceptable, it is recommended to use a 12-point font size. The AMA style suggests using two typefaces—a serif font for body text and a sans serif font for titles and subheads—with appropriate styles like bold and italics to emphasize scholarly content.
Page Numbers
Every page of the document should be numbered, starting with the title page. Typically, page numbers are placed in the upper left corner of each page.
AMA Style Guide Elaboration
Papers written in AMA are required to have four sections:
Title Page
Abstract (structured or unstructured)
Body (introduction, methods, results, discussion)
References
AMA Title Page
AMA style does not have strict rules about formatting the title page; however, it should include several crucial
features:
Title
Authors’ Name
Degrees (above bachelors)
E-mail Addresses
Institutional Affiliation
Word Count (for text only, excluding title, abstract, references, tables, and figures)
Remember that every instructor may have his or her preferences when organizing the title page.
AMA Abstract Guide
Abstracts are written on a separate page.
In AMA style, the abstract is always placed on its own distinct page to ensure clarity and separation from the main content. This practice helps maintain the organization and professionalism of the document. It also allows readers to easily reference and locate the abstract without scrolling through the main text.
The word “Abstract” is written in UPPER CASE, left-justified, boldface, and has a triple space after it.
The heading “ABSTRACT” should be prominently displayed at the top of the page, using upper case letters to distinguish it from the rest of the text. It should be left-justified and bolded to stand out clearly. A triple-space should follow the word “Abstract,” creating a visual break before the abstract text begins.
The text on the abstract page is NOT indented.
Unlike the body of the document, the text within the abstract should not have any indentations. This format provides a clean and straightforward presentation of the abstract content. It ensures that the abstract is easily readable and visually distinct from other sections of the paper.
The sections of the abstract are single-spaced with double spaces between them.
Within the abstract, each section should be single-spaced to condense information efficiently. Double spaces should separate different sections to provide clear distinctions between them. This formatting helps maintain a structured and organized appearance, aiding in the reader’s comprehension.
Structured abstracts are used for original data, systematic reviews, and clinical reviews; they are usually limited to 250-300 words.
Structured abstracts, which include specific headings like Background, Methods, Results, and Conclusions, are required for original research, systematic reviews, and clinical reviews. These abstracts provide a detailed and methodical overview of the study, ensuring that key information is succinctly presented. The word count for these abstracts typically ranges between 250 and 300 words to keep them concise yet informative.
Unstructured abstracts are used for every other manuscript and are limited to 150 words.
For other types of manuscripts, such as commentaries or case reports, an unstructured abstract is appropriate. These abstracts do not follow a specific format with headings and are generally brief. They are limited to 150 words, providing a quick summary of the content without detailed sectioning.
3-10 keywords should be placed after the abstract
Following the abstract, a list of 3 to 10 keywords should be provided. These keywords are crucial for indexing and search purposes, helping other researchers find the document in databases. Placing them right after the abstract ensures they are prominently displayed and easily accessible.
Headings
Level 1. Left-aligned, Bold, Uppercase, and Lowercase. Double Space After.
Level 2. Centered, Italicized, Uppercase, and Lowercase. Double Space After.
Reference List
The reference list is put on a separate page with the title “References” in bold and left-hand justified on the top of the page. Every source used in the body of the paper must appear in the reference list. Here is the list of
requirements for the organization of this page:
All the references are numbered and listed in the order they appear in the body of the paper.
Reference numbers are indented 0.25″.
The reference page is single-spaced with double spaces between entries.
Regardless of the type of source referenced, a comma is never inserted between the last name and the first name of the author.
If a piece of information and/or idea is borrowed from a specific page or range of pages, numbers of the said pages should be identified at the end of the corresponding reference.
The authors’ last names are fully spelled. First name and middle name initials are put after the last name with no periods or commas between them.
Example:
1. Wolf ZR. Nursing practice breakdowns: Good and bad nursing. Medsurg Nursing. 2012;21(1):16-36
When identifying page numbers, be sure to put them in full without shortenings. In addition, there are no spaces after the year of publishing.
Example of an incorrect entry:
1. Riley JB. Communication in Nursing. 8th Ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. 2017: 111-7.
Example of a correct entry:
1. Riley JB. Communication in Nursing. 8th Ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. 2017:111-117.
Key Differences Between AMA Style Guide and APA Style Guide
Aspects
AMA Style
APA Style
Discipline
Medicine and Health Sciences
Psychology, Social Sciences, and Education
Title Page
Title, Author, Degrees(Above bachelor), Email addresses, Affiliation, and word count
Title, author, affiliation, course, instructor, and date
Abstract
Structured for certain types- 250-300 words, unstructured-150 words
Structured or unstructured-150-250 words.
Margins
1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides
1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides
Font
Any Readable font, 12 pt; suggests serif
Times New Roman, 12 pt
Spacing
Double-spacing for the text; single-spacing within abstract and references
AMA EndNote is a powerful citation management software developed by Rowan University, designed to streamline the process of organizing and formatting references for research papers. Utilizing the American Medical Association (AMA) style, EndNote allows researchers to seamlessly integrate citations within their work using a combination of commas, spaces, and semicolons to clearly define sources. This structured approach ensures that all references are consistent and easy to follow, which is crucial for maintaining the integrity and readability of academic papers.
EndNote’s utility extends beyond mere citation formatting. It automates the organization of references, enabling researchers to import bibliographic data directly into their documents with ease. For example, a researcher working on a study about the effects of a new drug might use EndNote to create a customized library of sources, including journal articles, books, and websites. This library can be tailored to meet the specific needs of the study, allowing for quick and efficient retrieval of relevant information. Furthermore, EndNote’s customizable libraries and integration with word processing software like Microsoft Word ensure that references are formatted correctly according to AMA guidelines, significantly reducing the potential for errors. By automating these tasks, EndNote allows researchers to focus more on their actual research and writing, enhancing overall productivity and accuracy.
When citing a book, a student is to provide authors’ last names as they appear on the book’s cover with initials. Commas are put between the authors’ names and a period is put after the last author’s name. After that, you are to state the book’s title in italics with capitalization. Then, the publication place and the publisher’s name are given. At the end of the entry, provide the year of the publication and page numbers when specific pages are cited.
One author
Example:
1. Drewett P. Field Archaeology: An Introduction. London, England: UCL Press; 2012.
Note:
Locations in the U.S. or Canada: City, 2-letter State abbreviation.
Locations outside the US: City, Country.
Provide the name of the publisher after a colon, excluding Co. and Inc., which are not necessary for the identification of the publisher. However, do not omit the words Books and Press.
Use a semicolon before providing the year of the publication.
If the date of publication cannot be located, use the words “date unknown” in place of the date.
Two to six authors
Examples:
1. Greene J, Scott D. Finding Sand Creek. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press; 2004.
2. McNeil AJ, Frey R, Embrechts P. Quantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Tools. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2015.
More than seven authors
Provide last names and initials for the first three authors of the work and add “et al.” after the third author.
Example:
1. Mehrer M, Flatman J, Flemming N, et al. GIS and Archaeological Site Location Modeling. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
Corporate/organization author
For corporate authors, AMA style offers to use the acronym (if applicable) instead of the full name.
Examples:
1. Ministry of Health. Future Directions for Eating Disorders Services in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author; 2008.
2. WorldatWork. WorldatWork Handbook of Compensation, Benefits, & Total Rewards: A Comprehensive
Guide for HR Professionals. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
Unknown author
Example:
1. Alluvial Archaeology in Europe. New York, NY: Routledge; 2009.
Edited book, no author
In reference to an edited book with no author, move the editor name to the author position and follow it with the abbreviation ed. for one editor or eds. for multiple editors.
Example:
1. Palenchar M, Greenwald H, eds. The Management of Organizations: Responsibility for Performance. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 2009.
Edited book with an author/authors
When citing an edited source, place the editor’s last name immediately after the book’s title, followed by the abbreviation ed. for one editor or eds. for multiple editors after a comma.
Example:
1. Calfee M. Strategic Issues Management: A Systems and Human Resources Approach. Emory KV, ed. Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2011.
An author with a translator
When referencing a translated book, place the name(s) of the translator(s) immediately after the book’s title and add the abbreviation trans.
Example:
1. Leary P. Metaphors in the History of Psychology. Burt AW, Kernberg FL, trans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2009.
Different editions
Include information about the edition in immediately after the title. No italics or parentheses. Never indicate the first edition.
Example:
1. Shotton ML, Schiraldi G. The Need for Revision. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Dover; 2016.
Chapter in an edited book
When citing a chapter of an edited book, put the authors of the chapter in the author’s position and cite the name of the chapter without italics or capitalization. Enter the word In and state the editors’ names in general format followed by abbreviation ed. Please pay special attention to the page numbers as they are required for this type of source.
Example:
1. Wiener P. Gender issues across the globe. In Krugman AA, Kempe FD, eds. Gender Identity and Gender Politics. Frankfurt, Germany: Springer; 2013:134-146.
Multivolume work
Give volume number preceded by Vol / Vols with no period. End with a period.
Example:
1. Haybron DM. Perspectives on Piaget’s Theory. Vols 1–4. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
Encyclopedia/dictionary
Example:
1. Graham T, ed. Encyclopedia of Psychology: The Great Discoveries. Vols 1–3. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO; 2009.
Note:
When referencing a particular entry, it is acknowledged as a book chapter, and including page numbers is crucial for the citation.
Ensure that the author of the entry is placed in the first position.
If the author of the entry is unidentified, begin with the title of the entry.
Example:
1. Wallace RJ Jr, Griffith DE. Antimycobacterial agents. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:946.
Online book
Online books are cited as printed books with the addition of URL and access date.
Example:
1. Kolt GS, Andersen MB, eds. Psychology in the Physical and Manual Therapies. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 2004. http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=79424. Accessed January 24, 2019.
Online book (no date and publication place)
If you want to cite an electronic book but don’t know when or where it was published, give the name of the website, a URL, and the date you accessed it.
Example:
1. Kopf R. Low Blood Pressure—Hypotension Treated with Homeopathy and Schuessler Salts (Homeopathic Cell Salts). Booktrix. https://www.bookrix.com/_ebook-robert-kopf-low-blood-pressurehypotension-treated-with-homeopathy-and-schuessler-salts-homeopathic/. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Chapter in an online book or web document
Example:
1. National Research Center. Chapter 2: How teachers teach: Specific methods. In National Research Center. Science Teaching Reconsidered: A Handbook. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997. https://www.nap.edu/read/5287/chapter/3. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Online encyclopedia/dictionary
When citing an online encyclopedia or dictionary, include the website’s name after the title of the work.
Example:
1. Kashmiri Shaiva philosophy. In Fieser J, Dowden B, eds. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. IEP. http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Citing Articles in Periodicals
Scholarly journal article
Example:
1. Williams P. Emotions and consumer behavior. JCR. 2014;40(5):8–11.
Magazine article
Example:
1. Columbus L. Roundup of cloud computing forecasts and market estimates. Forbes Magazine. March 16, 2016:1–3.
Newspaper article
Example:
1. Gellman B, Nakashima E. US spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber operations in 2011, documents show. Washington Post. July 25, 2013:C3–C4.
Letter to the editor of a magazine
Example:
1. Jenkins J. It’s time for the President to take responsibility for his words and actions [Letter to the editor]. The Washington Post. January, 2017;233:17.
Review article
There are no special rules for citing review articles in AMA citation style. Therefore, students are to use the general format for citing articles.
Example:
1. Raab J. Extending Our Knowledge on Network Governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2013;24(2):531-535.
Abstract
You may use the abstract only if the full article is not available. If you are citing the abstract as part of the full article, cite the full article without any additions. Otherwise, add information about the abstract in square brackets including the number of the abstract or the citation of the journal it originally came from.
Example:
1. Elner VM, Hassan AS, Frueh BR. Graded full-thickness anterior blepharotomy for upper eyelid retraction [abstract taken from Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(1):55-60]. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2004;6(4):277.
Article in an online journal (DOI)
According to the 10th edition of the AMA Style Guide, it is advisable to provide a DOI of an article if it is available. There is only one accepted format of DOI that is put after the page numbers: doi:0000000/000000000000
Example:
1. Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2014;28(5):403–439. doi:10.1177/0269881114525674
Article in an online journal (without DOI)
When citing online journals with no DOI, AMA requires students to state the URL, published or last updated date, and the access date.
Example:
1. Round J. Apocatastasis: Redefining tropes of the Apocalypse in Neil Gaiman and Dave Mckean’s Signal to Noise. International Online Journal of Comic Art. 2015;15.http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/26013/. Published January 9, 2017. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Online newspaper/magazine article
Example:
1. Tuchman P. How do you sell a work of art built into the earth? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/arts/design/robert-smithson-earthwork-art.html?smid=plshare&_r=0. Published January 27, 2017. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Online book review
There are no special rules for citing online book reviews in AMA citation style. Therefore, you are to use the general format for citing articles
Example:
1. Ascher M. But I thought the earth belonged to the living. Texas Law Review. 2011;89(2):1149–1177. http://www.texaslrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Ascher-89-TLR-1149.pdf. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Note:
Alternatively, provide a DOI instead of a link.
If the publication date is unknown, avoid the section.
Citing Dissertations and Theses
Dissertation/thesis
The general format for dissertations and theses is as follows:
Author AA. Title of Work.[Dissertation or master’s thesis]. Location: Institution; Year. If the thesis is available online, add the URL, publication date (if available), and access date.
Examples:
1. Patel B. A Computational Pipeline to Uncover Genomic Regulatory Regions That Modulate the WNT Signaling Pathway. [Undergraduate thesis]. Stanford, CA: Stanford University; 2016.
2. Patel B. A Computational Pipeline to Uncover Genomic Regulatory Regions That Modulate the WNT Signaling Pathway. [Undergraduate thesis]. Stanford, CA: Stanford University; 2016. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/jz288sd3151. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Citing Learning Environment
Online lecture notes/presentation slides
When referencing lectures, use the professor’s name in the role of the author. Avoid using italics in the titles of lectures.
Examples:
Arnold D. Functional analysis [Class lectures]. Stanford, CA: Stanford University; 2016. http://wwwusers.math.umn.edu/~arnold/502.s97/functional.pdf. Accessed January 18, 2019.
AMA style allows putting an author’s or a presenter’s name in the author’s position when citing presentations.
Pomije B. Online shopping. Presented at: Class lecture, January 9, 2011; Stanford, CA. http://www.slideshare.net/pobr0702/online-shopping-presentation-10492184. Accessed January 18, 2019
Citing Web Sources
Page from website
Example:
Preston J. John Preston on the Thorpe affair. Penguin Books. https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/onwriting/why-i-write/2016/john-preston-on-the-thorpe-affair/. Published 2017. Accessed January 18, 2019
Page from the website with an unknown author
Example:
How sibling rivalry made Anne the ‘neglected’ Brontë. Penguin Books.https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/on-writing/times-and-life/2017/jan/how-sibling-rivalry-made-anne-theother-bronte/. Published 2017. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Page from the website. Organization
When citing a webpage from an organization’s website, put the organization’s name after the title of the webpage instead of the name of the website.
Example:
WHO statement on reports of alleged misconduct. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/17-01-2019-who-statement-on-reports-of-alleged-misconduct/. Published January 17, 2019. Accessed January 18, 2019.
Blog
There are no special rules for citing blog posts; therefore, AMA citation suggests using the general format for websites.
Example:
Cush A. You’ll never guess who’s angry about CNN “deceptively” editing a video of Sylville Smith’s sister. Gawker. http://gawker.com/youll-never-guess-whos-angry-about-cnn-deceptively-ed1785416442. Published August 17, 2016. Accessed January 17, 2019.
Video or film
AMA citation style allows putting a director’s or a producer’s name in the author’s position. Make sure to put a medium in square brackets.
Example:
Nguyen H, Solanki V. Caffeinated: Every Cup of Coffee Has a Story [Amazon Streaming]. United States: Film Buff; 2015.
Podcast/YouTube
When citing a video, provide the author only if you are sure that the person created the video. Do not list the person posting the video online as the author. If you are unsure, treat the citation as having no author.
Example:
Alcock P. Electromagnetic levitation quadcopter [Video]. YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCON4zfMzjU. Published June 29, 2012. Accessed January 17, 2019.
Personal communication / Unpublished material
Personal communication and unpublished material are not included in the reference list. However, a parenthetical in-text citation is a must.
Examples:
(K. Dawson, personal communication, April 2010).
In a conversation with Dr. Smith (October 2009)…
As described in recent literature (H. E. Marman, MD, unpublished data, January 2005)…
Citing Governmental Sources
Government publication
United States Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce. DOE for the 21st century: Science, Environment, and National Security Missions. E&C Publication No. 114–119. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office. Published November 16, 2017.
AMA In-text citations
Superscripts are used in AMA citation style to acknowledge the original author of an idea or piece of information that a student has borrowed. The superscript number goes to the left of colons and semicolons and to the right of periods, commas, and quote marks. When citing sources in a sentence, use distinct superscript numbers to give due credit to each source.
Example:
The engineer announced that the house was built on solid ground; however, the observers doubted that. When using direct quotations, the superscript number is put outside the quotation marks.
Example:
“The role of obesity on the development of allergic rhinitis is not well defined, whereas allergic rhinitis may have an impact on obesity.”1
If the direct quotation is four lines or longer, it should be indented and put into a distinct section with a reduced type. In this case, no quotation marks are needed.
Example:
The report states:
Allergic diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis, are prevalent long-term inflammatory conditions affecting the airways. Obesity is a prevalent condition in children and is associated with a higher likelihood of developing asthma. Obese individuals with asthma often experience more severe symptoms and do not respond effectively to conventional asthma treatments. Conversely, children who have asthma may have a heightened susceptibility to obesity, indicating that there is a mutual connection between asthma and obesity.1
When citing the same source more than once, include the page number in the reference in parentheses.
Example:
The engineer announced that the house was built on solid ground.1(14)
Frequently Asked Questions
What is AMA citation style?
AMA citation style is a format developed by the American Medical Association, primarily used in medical and scientific writing.
Why is AMA citation style important?
It ensures consistency, clarity, and credibility in scholarly and professional documents.
How do you cite a book in AMA style?
Include the author’s name, book title, edition, place of publication, publisher, and year.
What is the correct format for citing a journal article in AMA style?
List the author’s name, article title, journal name, year, volume, issue, and page numbers.
Can AMA citation style be used for electronic sources?
Yes, AMA style includes guidelines for citing websites, online reports, blogs, and social media.
What are some common mistakes to avoid in AMA citation?
Avoid incorrect formatting, omissions, and misplacement of references.
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The OSCOLA Referencing Style (Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities) is a citation system specifically designed for legal scholarship. The OSCOLA Referencing Style provides a standardized method for referencing legal sources and authorities, ensuring clarity, precision, and consistency in legal writing. The OSCOLA style is widely used in legal documents, academic papers, and scholarly articles in the UK and other jurisdictions. The key aspects of the OSCOLA Referencing Style are shown in the table below.
Cases
References include the case name, year, volume number, report series, and page number.
Footnotes
The primary citation method is where references are provided in footnotes rather than in-text citations.
Bibliography
Organized at the end of the document, listing all sources cited, separated into categories such as cases, legislation, and secondary sources.
Books
Bibliographic references include the author’s name, title in italics, edition (if not the first), publisher, and year of publication.
Articles
The primary citation method is where references are provided in footnotes rather than in-text citations.
Legislation
Citations for statutes and statutory instruments include the title, year, and chapter number or other identifying details.
Key Aspects of the OSCOLA Referencing Style
OSCOLA 4th Edition: What’s New?
The 4th edition of OSCOLA introduced several key changes to improve usability and address evolving citation needs in the digital age. Here’s a quick overview of the major updates:
Feature
Change in 4th Edition
Online Sources
Expanded guidelines for citing digital resources
Neutral Citations
Increased emphasis on using neutral citations for cases
Abbreviations
Updated list of standard abbreviations
Foreign Materials
Enhanced guidance on citing international sources
Change in OSCOLA4th Edition
These changes reflect the growing importance of online legal resources and the internationalization of legal scholarship.
General Principles of Formatting
Footnotes: OSCOLA uses footnotes for citations, not in-text parenthetical references.
Superscript Numbers: Place footnote markers after punctuation marks.
The recommended font is Arial 12 (unless other instructions are given).
Since OSCOLA is most commonly employed for citing legal sources, it lacks the specific requirements of a full-fledged style when it comes to the design of a title page and other details. Using footnotes to cite legal documents and files is crucial.
A footnote marker may follow a significant word or phrase.
Superscript numbers that denote footnotes are typically positioned at the conclusion of a sentence.
A superscript number is followed by a full stop at the conclusion of a sentence.
Single quotation marks are employed in place of double quotation marks.
Semicolons are employed to distinguish between multiple citations within a single footnote.
OSCOLA Footnote Citation Guide
Where the same source is referred to again successively on the same page following the OSCOLA referencing style, one is advised to avoid giving a second full citation so that it remains brief and not needlessly repetitive. Instead, it becomes necessary to use a shortened form or other suitable identifier to indicate that it is the same source.
When a later reference is made to a source that has already been cited, it is possible to provide a short identifier, such as the name of the author and a part of the title indicating it is the same source. The identifier should then be followed by a cross-citation in brackets to the original footnote number where the full citation is found.
In the case where the next footnote is the same source as a full citation just before it, then ‘ibid’ (short for ‘ibidem,’ which translates to ‘in the same place’) should be used to indicate that it is the same reference. The use of ‘ibid’ in this way will ease the citation and also avoid unnecessary repetition while keeping the meaning intact.
Example:
Qun Zhang, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3 (10) IJCRB 599.
Ibid 600.
Reference List
Secondary sources should be placed on a separate sheet following the main content of the paper.
Sources must be arranged in alphabetical order and should correspond to the footnotes through the use of a corresponding superscript number in the document.
If multiple sources of the same author are used, they are to be listed in chronological order with 2 em-dash replacing the author’s name.
Example:
Fromm E, The Fear of Freedom (Routledge & Kegan Paul 1942)
— — The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books 1987)
When citing multiple sources from the same author and year, it is necessary to include letter designations after the year of publication (e.g., 2014a, 2014b).
The majority of the paper should be formatted with double spacing, except for the reference list where single spacing is employed, with an additional line to separate each entry.
Examples of OSCOLA Primary Sources
OSCOLA Referencing of Cases from England and Wales
Cases with neutral citations
In the OSCOLA reference style, legal cases should be cited with the case name in italics, followed by the year in square brackets or round brackets depending on whether the year is essential for identifying the volume, the court abbreviation, the case number, and the first page of the report.
Note:
When the case is first mentioned in the text or footnotes, give the full name. After that, it can be shortened.
1. R v R [1991] UKHL 12, [1992] 1 AC 599
2.R (n 14)
A reference to a particular paragraph of a judgment or page of a report (pinpoint) may be stated at the end. Reference to a paragraph is written in square brackets.
3.Smith v Jones [2010] EWCA Civ 143, [2010] 1 WLR 1234 [para 25]–[para 40]
Cases without neutral citations
In the OSCOLA reference style, legal cases without neutral citations should be cited with the case name in italics, followed by the year in square brackets or round brackets (depending on whether the year is essential for identifying the volume), the volume number, the report abbreviation, the first page of the report, and the court in parentheses.
Example:
4. Smith v Brown [2015] UKSC 25, [2015] 2 WLR 789 (SC)
5.Smith (n 11)
Law reports
6.Jones v Smith [2005] CLY 421 (QB)
7.Robinson v Brown [2012] CLY 888 (Ch)
Cases from Scotland
In the OSCOLA reference style for Scottish cases, citations should include the case name in italics, followed by the year in round brackets, the volume number, the report abbreviation, and the first-page number, with no punctuation other than commas separating the page numbers.
For example, a case citation would look like this:
8.Durham v Hislop (1852) 4 D 1188
9.Adams v Advocate General 2023 SC 171 (OH)
Cases from Northern Ireland
10.Smith v Jones [2008] NI 45
UK Legislation
Statutes
11. Sexual Offences Act 2003, s 1(1)(c).
12. Criminal Attempts Act 1981, ss 1(1) and 4(3). 25 17.
Bills
Title HC Bill (session) [number] OR Title HL Bill (session) number
13. Abortion HC Bill (2017-2019) [2].
UK Acts of Parliament
Title year of adoption.
14. Parliament Act 2019.
Parts of UK acts
A short title, year of adoption, session (subsection number) (paragraph).
15. Human Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b).
Statutory Instruments, or Sis
Title year/number.
16. Cremation (England and Wales) Regulations 2008, SI 2008/2841.
OSCOLA Referencing of Devolved UK legislatures
Scottish Parliament
Act title asp number (Act of the Scottish Parliament).
17. Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2016 (asp 1).
Scottish SSIs (statutory instruments)
Title with a particular year SSI number.
18. The Letting Agent Registration (Scotland) Regulations 2016, SSI 2016/432.
Northern Ireland Assembly Acts
Title mentioning Northern Ireland year.
19. Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 2013.
Northern Irish Statutory Rules
Title of the Rule, including Northern Ireland year, Statutory Rule number.
20. The Local Government (Specified Bodies) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2012, SR 2012/8.
Welsh legislation
As a rule, specific measures are cited, which may be passed by the Welsh government. In footnotes, they are abbreviated as nawm. Such a citation includes:
Title of the measure year (number).
21. Domestic Fire Safety (Wales) Measure 2011 (nawm 3).
Welsh Statutory Instruments
Order title and year Welsh Statutory Instrument year/Instrument’s number in brackets.
22. The Independent Health Care (Fees) (Wales) Regulations Order 2011 Welsh Statutory Instrument 2011/106 (W. 25).
European Union Legislative Documents
This type of official documentation includes legislation, directives, regulations, and decisions.
European Union Legislation
Title of legislation [year] series mentioned in Official Journal (OJ) issue/first page.
23. Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community [2007] OJ C 306/01.
Directives, Regulations, and Decisions
Type of legislation number title [year] L series in the Official Journal issue/first page.
European Union Directives:24. Council Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society [2001] OJ L 167/10.
European Union Regulations:25. Council Regulation (EU) 1984/2003 introducing a system for the statistical monitoring of trade in bluefin tuna, swordfish and big eye tuna within the Community [2003] OJ L 295/1.
European Union Commission Decisions 26. Alcatel/Telettra (Case No IV/M.042) Commission Decision [1991] OJ L 122/48.
Note:
Commission decisions should be cited in the same way as cases.
European Court of Justice (ECJ) and General Court (GC) Judgements
Prefix (“Case C-” for ECJ or “Case T-” for GC) number indicating the case registration Case Name [year] report citation.
27. Case C-557/12 Kone AG v OBB-Infrastruktur [2014] C.M.L.R. 5.
OSCOLA Referencing of International Legislative Resources
United Nations laws
Author Title (date) number:
28. UNGA Res 67/97 (26 August 2008) A/63/332.
Treaties
Title (date of adoption) publication mentioning (Short name) number of the article:
29. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (adopted 10 June 1958, entered into force 7 June 1959) 330 UNTS 4739 (Foreign Arbitral Awards Convention) art 3.
International Court of Justice (ICJ) documents
Case Title [year] Court’s Report Citation/<link> accessed DD Month YYYY
30. Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) [2013] ICJ Judgement <https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/155> accessed 24 December 2018.
Examples of OSCOLA Secondary Sources
OSCOLA Referencing of Books
One author
Author, Title (additional information, edition, publisher year)
Sepetys R, Salt to the Sea (Philomel Books 2016)
Footnote citation:
1. Ruta Sepetys, Salt to the Sea (Philomel Books 2016)
Two or three authors
Bohm A and Chaudri D, Securing Australia’s Future: An Analysis of the International Education Markets in India (IDP Education Australia 2000)
Footnote citation:
1. Andrew Bohm and Dean Chaudri, Securing Australia’s Future: An Analysis of the International Education Markets in India (IDP Education Australia 2000) 33–55
Four or more authors
Bell M and others, Universities Online: A Survey of Online Education and Services in Australia (Department of Education, Science and Training 2002)
Footnote citation:
1. Michael Bell and others, Universities Online: A Survey of Online Education and Services in Australia (Department of Education, Science, and Training 2002) 45
Books with editors or translators
Baker R (ed), The Norton Book of Light Verse (W. W. Norton 1986)
Footnote citation:
1. Russell Baker (ed), The Norton Book of Light Verse (W. W. Norton 1986) 105
Note:
For one editor, use ed; for two and more – eds
In a case with a translator, use tr / trs instead of ed/eds
Authors plus editors or translators
Churchill W, The Literary Works of Winston Churchill (Samuel Jackson ed, The Limited Editions Club 1963)
Footnote citation:
1. Winston Churchill, The Literary Works of Winston Churchill (Samuel Jackson ed, The Limited Editions Club 1963) 12
Multiple works by the same author
Using multiple works by the same author poses no challenge, as all are to be cited in footnotes at the bottom of the page.
Fromm E, The Fear of Freedom (Routledge & Kegan Paul 1942)
—. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Penguin Books 1987)
Footnote citation:
1. Erich Fromm, The Fear of Freedom (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1942) 33
2. Erich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987) 42
Different editions
Kremer J and Moran A, Pure Sport: Practical Sport Psychology (2nd edn, Routledge 2013)
Footnote citation:
1. John Kremer and Aidan Moran, Pure Sport: Practical Sports Psychology (2nd edn, Routledge 2013) 104
Encyclopedia or dictionary
‘Christianity’, The New Encyclopedia Britannica (15th edn, 2018) <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Church-tradition> accessed 24 December 2018
Footnote citation:
1.‘Christianity’, The New Encyclopedia Britannica (15th edn, 2018) <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Church-tradition> accessed 24 December 2018
Note:
State either page number(s) or link and access date depending on whether the source is published or found online.
Chapter in an edited book
Higgs M, ‘Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions’ in P. Alex Linley, Susan Harrington, and Nicola Garcea (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work (Oxford University Press 2013) 67–94
Footnote citation:
1. Malcolm Higgs, ‘Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions’ in P. Alex Linley, Susan Harrington, and Nicola Garcea (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work (Oxford University Press 2013) 67–94
OSCOLA Referencing of Articles in Periodicals
Journal article
Author, ‘Title’ [year] Journal Name or Abbreviation first page of article
Author, ‘Title’ (year) volume(number) Journal Name or Abbreviation first page of article
Zhang Q and others, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3(10) Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 599
Footnote citation:
1. Qun Zhang and others, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3(10) Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 599
Online Journals
The OSCOLA referencing of online journals is similar to that of journal articles, but in this case, <URL> or <doi>, and access dates are
given.
Zhang Q and others, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3(10) Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 599 <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6303/744cf0edb78ac8512ecb660b19167b607ddb.pdf> accessed 24 December 2018
Footnote citation:
1. Qun Zhang and others, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3(10) Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 599 <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6303/744cf0edb78ac8512ecb660b19167b607ddb.pdf> accessed 24 December 2018
Newspaper Articles
Gellman B and Nakashima E, ‘US spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show’ Washington Post (Washington, 13 August 2013) C3.
Footnote citation:
1. Barton Gellman and Ellen Nakashima, ‘US spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show’ Washington Post (Washington, 13 August 2013) C3
OSCOLA Referencing of Web Sources
Websites and Blogs
Daniels C, ‘Pumpkin Pie’ (Easy Recipes, 25 April 2016) <www.easyrecipes.com/04/25/2016/pumpkinpie> accessed 24 December 2018
Footnote citation:
1. Christie Daniels, ‘Pumpkin Pie’ (Easy Recipes, 25 April 2016) <www.easyrecipes.com/04/25/2016/pumpkin-pie> accessed 24 December 2018
Citing Dissertations and Theses
Thesis or dissertation
Rutz CL, ‘King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues’ (PhD diss., University of Chicago 2013)
Footnote citation:
1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, ‘King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues’ (PhD diss., University of Chicago 2013) 99–100
Command Papers
Author, Paper Title (number, year).
Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Office, Modernising government (Cm 4310, 1999).
Footnote citation:
1. Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Office, Modernising government (Cm 4310, 1999) para 15.
Hansard (Official Debate and Speech Records)
House abbreviation Deb date, volume, column.
HL Deb 15 March 2005, vol 670, col 1234
Suffix WS for citing a written statement:
HC Deb 15 April 2013, vol 561, col 18WS.
Prefix WA for citing a written answer:
HL Deb 21 May 2013, vol 745, col WA39.
Suffix WH for citing a debate in Westminster Hall:
HC Deb 29 January 2013, vol 557, cols 179-205WH.
Series numbers for old records:
HC Deb (4th series) 18 July 1900, vol 86, col 341.
Hansard of Standing Committee:
SC Deb (D) 25 May 2004, col 40.
Note:
Since 2014, column references have not been used. More information may be found on the official website https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answersstatements/written-questions-answers/. Today, a possible relevant citation may look as follows:
HC 10 July 2018, PQ 162501.
Law Commission Reports and Consultation Papers
Law Commission, Report, or Paper Title (number, year).
Law Commission, The 13th Programme of Law Reform (Law Com No 377, 2017).
Footnote citation:
1. Law Commission, The 13th Programme of Law Reform (Law Com No 377, 2017).
2. Law Com No 377.
Interpersonal Communications
Unpublished Letters or Emails
Communication Form from Author to Recipient (DD Month YYYY)
Letter from S Alexander to Gibson WR (1 November 1911).
Interviews
Interviewee’s Name, Position, Educational Institution (if necessary), (Place of the interview date)
Interview with Marilyn Charlton, Professor of Social Science, Swansea University (Swansea 17 July 2017)
FAQs
How do I cite a website in OSCOLA format?
Use the format: Author, ‘Title’ (Website, Date) <URL> accessed [Date]. For example: John Smith, ‘Legal Ethics in the Digital Age’ (Law Blog, 1 June 2023) https://www.lawblog.com/ethics accessed 15 July 2023
What’s the difference between a footnote and a bibliography entry in OSCOLA?
Footnotes use commas as separators and end with a full stop. Bibliography entries use the same information but with different punctuation and a hanging indent: Footnote: 1 HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (3rd ed, Oxford University Press 2012). Bibliography: Hart, HLA, The Concept of Law (3rd ed, Oxford University Press 2012)
How do I use ‘ibid’ in OSCOLA referencing?
Use ‘ibid’ when referring to the same source as in the immediately preceding footnote. If the page number is different, add it after ‘ibid’: 1 Richard Posner, How Judges Think (Harvard University Press 2008) 100. 2 ibid 102.
How should I cite a case with a neutral citation?
Use the neutral citation followed by the law report citation: Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13, [2008] 1 AC 884
How do I cite an EU directive in OSCOLA?
Use this format: Directive 2019/790/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC [2019] OJ L130/92
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Vancouver Referencing Style is a numeric referencing system that is mostly used in the medical domains and in science. Readers can source the in-text citations by matching the in-text citation with a source in the reference list. This is a numbered system where every source that has been cited within the text is provided with a unique number. The number is attached to a whole reference in a bibliography. The number is attached to the following text citations and kept using the same number. The final bibliography is included in the last part of the document, where full citation information is indicated in numerical order of the sources listed.
Vancouver General Principles of Formatting
In-text Citations
In-text Citations in the Vancouver Referencing Style:
In the Vancouver Referencing Style, the in-text citations are made using numbers. The numbers may be in the form of square brackets [1], curved brackets to the right, (1), or superscript numbers¹. However, please be consistent within the document. The numerical references link the text with the appropriate reference list entry and trace the item cited’s full details.
Consistency in In-text References:
When using the Vancouver style of referencing, you must remain consistent in the choice of in-text reference. This means that if you decide to use references within your work in square brackets [1], curved brackets (1), or superscript numbers¹ then you must retain this throughout your document for all citations. Mixing any type of different in-text references can be confusing for the reader and make your work appear unprofessional. Consistency helps ensure clarity and readability, making it easier for readers to follow your references and locate the corresponding entries in the reference list.
Examples
A recent study [1] highlighted the increasing rates of childhood obesity in urban areas.
A recent study (1) highlighted the increasing rates of childhood obesity in urban areas.
A recent study1 highlighted the increasing rates of childhood obesity in urban areas.
If the cited author’s name is mentioned in a sentence, the numeric in-text citation is placed right after it.
Examples
Erickson (12) said that
Erickson12 said that
In sentences that contain more than one reference, each of the unique sources of information will have its own number.
Example
Dental phobia can be caused by a number of factors, according to research. These include anticipating pain1, having bad experiences with dental treatments in the past2, and feeling helpless while in the dentist’s chair3.
In Vancouver reference style, it is acceptable to use brackets or superscript numbers when citing multiple sources at once.
Examples
The idea behind methodological triangulation is to compare and contrast previous findings with new ones, or to analyze current results using multiple instruments that are specifically designed to assess perception (1, 4, 6).
The idea behind methodological triangulation is to compare and contrast previous findings with new ones or to analyze current results using multiple instruments that are specifically designed to assess perception 1, 4, 6
Note: if the sources cited together in one sentence have sequential numbers, then they can be referenced using the following forms: (1-4), [1-4], or 1-4
Full stops can be put before or after the superscript numbers or the numbers in brackets. Please make sure to consult your instructor or faculty and find out which approach is preferred.
Reference Lists
The reference list should be placed at the end of the paper on a separate page.
According to the Vancouver reference style, it is essential to organize all references at the conclusion of your document. This list must appear on a new page, distinct from the main body of the text. Ensuring the reference list is separate helps maintain clarity and allows readers to locate the sources used easily.
The reference list title should be ‘References’ in Vancouver referencing style.
In the Vancouver reference style, the heading for the list of sources must be labeled ‘References.’ This title should be centered at the top of the page to clearly indicate the section. Using a consistent title like ‘References’ helps standardize academic and professional documents.
Only Arabic ordinals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) should be used in reference lists and in-text citations.
The Vancouver reference style specifies the use of Arabic numerals for both in-text citations and the reference list. This numbering system starts at 1 and continues sequentially throughout the document. Using Arabic ordinals ensures consistency and readability when citing sources.
The numbers matching those in in-text citations in Vancouver referencing style are assigned to the sources in reference lists.
Each number used in the in-text citations corresponds directly to a specific source in the reference list in the Vancouver reference style. For instance, if a source is cited as [1] in the text, it will be listed as number 1 in the references. This method simplifies the process of locating and verifying sources for readers.
The references in Vancouver referencing style are listed in numerical order with the numbers placed at the beginning of each individual source starting with a new line.
In the Vancouver reference style, sources in the reference list are arranged in the order of their appearance in the text. Each reference starts on a new line and begins with its corresponding number. This sequential listing aids in the straightforward tracking of sources cited in the document.
Avoid indenting the entries when compiling a reference list in the Vancouver reference style. Each reference starts flush with the left margin, creating a clean and uniform appearance. This format enhances the list’s readability and maintains a professional layout.
REFERENCE LIST
Citing Books
General book format
When referencing a book using the Vancouver referencing style, the format is as follows:
Author(s):
List the last name followed by the initials of the first names.
If there are multiple authors, list all authors separated by commas.
Title of the Book:
The title should be in sentence case, meaning only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle (if any), and any proper nouns should be capitalized.
Do not italicize or underline the title.
Location:
Indicate the city where the publisher is located.
Publisher:
Provide the name of the publishing company.
Year:
Specify the year the book was published.
Example:
Author AA. Title of the book. Location: Publisher; year.
Note: no parts of the reference should be italicized.
Book with a single author
1. Reimann BP. Personality and social psychology research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books; 2008.
Book with two to six authors
2. Robbins SP, Judge TA, Odendaal A, Roodt G. Organisational behavior: global and South African
perspectives. Upper Saddle River: Pearson; 2009.
Note: the author’s names are just listed one after another without using the word ‘and’ or the symbol ‘&’.
Book with more than six authors
3. Johnson J, Nixon D, Stein G, Kaufmann A, George R, Powell M, et al. Experimental medicine and
Its effects. New York: McGraw Hill Publishers; 2010.
Note: ‘et al.’ is put after the name of the sixth author; the rest of the author names are omitted.
Book without an author
If the author of a book is not indicated, simply omit the author constituent from the reference page entry. This category includes dictionaries.
Example
4. Merriam-Webster Dictionary new edition. Springfield: Merriam-Webster; 2016.
eBook accessed from a library-subscribed database
5. Roller MR, Lavrakas, PJ. Applied qualitative research design: a total quality framework approach. New York: The Gilford Press; 2015. [cited 2017 Jan 24]. Available from: Ebook Library.
Note: after the name of the publisher’s location, it is necessary to place the abbreviation of its state in brackets.
Book authored by an organization
This section includes books that list different types of organizations, associations, and corporate or governmental entities as authors.
Example
7. American Nurses Association. Public health nursing: scope and standards of practice. Silver Spring: American Nurses Association; 2013.
Note: capitalize words in the organization’s name as officially accepted by the organization itself (for example, on the official website and the cover of the cited book).
Note: omit “the” before the name of an organization in reference page entries. The American Nurses
Association that authored the book in the example above should appear on the reference page as “American Nurses Association.”
Book authored by a government body
For government bodies, it is recommended to indicate the name of the country to which the body belongs in case the country or nationality is not mentioned in the organization’s name. The name of the country should appear in parentheses after the name of the organization.
Example
8. National Academies of Sciences (US), Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington: National Academies Press; 2016.
Note: in the example above, the name of the country is indicated as the US. This is a standardized two-letter ISO code for the United States of America. In Vancouver citation style, if a country needs to be indicated in a reference page entry, ISO codes need to be used. See a list of country codes here.
Note: in the example above, the author (the Committee) is listed as the last after organizations, a part of which it comprises. The names of organizations are separated by commas.
Edited book
9. Thiele F, Mader K, Ashcroft, RE, editors. Bioethics in a small world. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2006.
Note: when an edited book is cited, the word ‘editor’ or ‘editors’ is added after the name(s) of the author(s).
Chapter in an edited book
If a book is a compilation of texts by different authors, do not cite it as a single book. Instead, cite a certain section or chapter that you used. The reference page entry should include the name of the chapter’s author (or authors), the chapter’s title, the name of the book’s editor (or editors), and the name of the edited book.
Example
10. Pagel JF, Pegram GV. The role of the primary care physician in sleep medicine. In: Pagel JF, Pandi-Perumal SR, editors. Primary care sleep medicine. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 12-30.
Edition other than the first
11. O’Connell Smeltzer SC, Bare BG. Brunner and Suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
Dictionary from a library-subscribed database
12. Mosby’s dental dictionary [Internet]. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. Hebephrenia. [cited 2015 Jul 14]. Available from: Credo Reference.
Citing Articles in Periodicals
The titles of scholarly journals from which cited articles are taken need to be abbreviated based on the generally accepted standards. The list of correct abbreviations of the scholarly journals is provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
General format
Author A, Author B. Article title. Journal title abbreviation. Year Month shortened; vol(no): page-page.
Journal article (print source)
13. Jones E, Shi L, Hayashi AS, Sharma R, Daly C, Ngo-Metzger Q. Access to oral health care: the role of federally qualified health centers in addressing disparities and expanding access. Am J Public Health. 2013 Mar;103(3): 488-493.
Journal articles from more than six authors
14. Melville JL, Reed SD, Russo J, Croicu CA, Ludman EL, Cockburn AL, et al. Improving care for depression in obstetrics and gynecology: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol, 2014 Jun;123(6): 1237–1246.
Note: in an article that has more than six authors, only the first six names are listed. The other names are replaced with ‘et al.’
Article without an author
15. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 2002 Jan;25(suppl 1): s50-s60.
Article from an online source (without known page numbers)
16. Vaziri D, Aal K, Ogonowski C, Von Rekowski T, Kroll M, Marston H, et al. Exploring user experience and technology acceptance for a fall prevention system: results from a randomized clinical trial and a living lab. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act [Internet]. 2016 Jun [cited 2017 Jan 24];13:6 [about 3 p.]. Available from: BioMed Central.
Article from the Internet
17. Weston M, Roberts D. The influence of quality improvement efforts on patient outcomes and nursing work: a perspective from chief nursing officers at three large health systems. OJIN [Internet]. 2013 Sep [cited 2017 Jan 23]; 18(3): n.p. Available from http://www.nursingworld.org/Quality[1]Improvement-on-Patient-Outcomes.html.
Citing Online and Multimedia Sources
DVD
18. Mosley M. Michael Mosley’s science of you [DVD]. Australia: Roadshow Entertainment; 2013.Note: the owner of the intellectual content should be indicated as the author.
Television broadcast
19. Plant-based medicine: Catalyst [television broadcast]. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation; 2015 Feb 3.
World wide web page: general format
Author A, Author B. Title [Internet]. City and publisher details; [cited Year Month Date]. Available from: URL
Note: A two-letter ISO code of an organization’s country should be put in brackets after its name (if it is not already present, it is the title). See the list of ISO country codes here.
Note: if some data is not available, please omit it.
Conference Proceedings
You have the option to cite the entire conference proceedings or just a specific paper presented at the conference. In the former case, details about the conference and its editor of the proceedings should be included.
Example
21. Castillo RR, Abarquez RF, Aquino AV, Sy RG, Gomez LA, Divinagracia RA, et al. editors. 10thAsia Pacific congress of hypertension—APCH 2014; 2014 Feb 12-15; Cebu City (Philippines). Florence (Italy): Monduzzi Editore, International Proceedings Division; c2014.
Note: the name of the conference, with its original capitalization and superscripts, appears on the reference page as indicated in the proceedings.
Note: the date of access (year proceeded by the letter “c”) needs to be indicated in case the proceedings are accessed from an electronic source.
Report
Reports are cited as books, both in electronic and print forms. Reports might have additional information about them, such as the number of a report, but it can be omitted from the reference page entry.
Example
22. Health Canada. The final report of the task force on cannabis legalization and regulation. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2016.
Report accessed on the Internet
23. Lourey C. A contributing life: the 2012 National Report card on mental health and suicide prevention [Internet]. National Mental Health Commission [cited 2015 Jun 29]. Available from: http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/media/39273/NMHC_ReportCard_Lo-res.pdf.
If you want to cite unpublished materials that you have accessed during lectures or lessons, you should indicate the source by providing the author’s name, the subject of the lecture or materials, and the date when the information was delivered or accessed.
Example
25. Wallace JW. Interpersonal communication as the source of professional development [unpublished lecture notes]. University of Georgia; notes provided at a lecture given 2017 January 11. Note: it is advised to always consult your instructor on the use of such sources. Unpublished lecture notes and course materials fall into the personal communication category of sources, the use of which may be somewhat questionable.
Thesis or dissertation
Some dissertations get published in print form, in which case they can be cited as books. For other cases, see the example below.
Example
26. Della Porta MD. Enhancing the effects of happiness-boosting activities: the role of autonomy support in an experimental longitudinal intervention [doctoral thesis]. [Riverside (US)]: University of California; 2012.
Note: the type of work, such as doctoral thesis, dissertation, or master’s thesis is in square brackets after the work’s name.
Note: after this, indicate the place of publication, which is the location of the university where the thesis or dissertation was defended. Do not forget to include a country code (see the list of ISO country codes here)
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