An essay writing service is a professional academic assistance platform that helps students and professionals with various types of written assignments. These services typically employ experienced writers who can produce high-quality, original content across a wide range of subjects and academic levels.
Types of Services Offered
Essay writing services often provide a comprehensive suite of academic writing assistance, including:
Custom essays
Research papers
Term papers
Thesis and dissertation writing
Case studies
Book reports
Literature reviews
Editing and proofreading
Benefits for Students and Professionals
Benefit
Description
Time Management
Allows focus on other important tasks and responsibilities
Improved Grades
Access to expert writers can lead to higher-quality work
Learning Opportunity
Provides examples of well-structured academic writing
Stress Reduction
Alleviates pressure associated with tight deadlines
Customized Assistance
Tailored help for specific academic needs
Using an essay writing service can be particularly beneficial for:
Students juggling multiple courses and extracurricular activities
Non-native English speakers struggling with language barriers
Professionals pursuing further education while working full-time
Individuals dealing with unexpected personal circumstances
The ivyleagueassignmenthelp Platform
The ivyleagueassignmenthelp platform stands out as a specialized essay writing service catering to the needs of students and professionals seeking high-quality academic assistance. This platform has garnered attention for its commitment to excellence and its focus on delivering top-tier writing support.
Key Features and Services
Expert Writers: The platform boasts a team of qualified writers with advanced degrees in various fields.
Customized Approach: Each assignment is tailored to the specific requirements provided by the client.
Rigorous Quality Control: Multiple layers of editing and proofreading ensure high-quality output.
Timely Delivery: Strict adherence to deadlines, with options for urgent orders.
Plagiarism-Free Guarantee: All work is original and passes through plagiarism detection software.
How to Use an Essay Writing Service Effectively
To maximize the benefits of an essay writing service like ivyleagueassignmenthelp, it’s crucial to understand how to use it effectively. This involves clear communication, proper planning, and active engagement in the writing process.
Steps to Place an Order
Provide Detailed Instructions: Clearly outline your assignment requirements, including topic, word count, formatting style, and deadline.
Upload Relevant Materials: Share any necessary resources or guidelines provided by your instructor.
Choose Additional Services: Select any extra features you may need, such as plagiarism reports or extended revisions.
Review and Confirm: Double-check all details before submitting your order.
Yes, using an essay writing service is legal. However, it’s important to use these services ethically and in accordance with your institution’s academic integrity policies. The work provided should be used as a reference or learning tool, not submitted directly as your own work.
How do I know if the essay will be original?
Reputable services like ivyleagueassignmenthelp.com guarantee original, plagiarism-free work. They typically use plagiarism detection software to check all essays before delivery. Many also provide plagiarism reports upon request. It’s always a good idea to review the work yourself and run it through plagiarism checkers for additional peace of mind.
Can I communicate directly with the writer?
This depends on the service. Some platforms, including ivyleagueassignmenthelp.com, allow direct communication with the assigned writer. This feature enables you to provide additional instructions, answer questions, and give feedback throughout the writing process.
How far in advance should I place my order?
It’s best to place your order as early as possible. This allows more time for research, writing, and revisions if needed. While many services offer rush options for urgent orders, these typically come at a higher cost. Planning ahead can result in better quality work and lower prices.
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Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) have revolutionized the way we cite and access academic resources. DOIs are commonly used when citing academic resources obtained from digital space when doing assignments, writing essays, or doing dissertations. We will explore the significance of DOIs in citations and their impact on scholarly communication.
Key Takeaways
DOIs provide a persistent link to digital academic resources
Using DOIs in citations enhances credibility and accessibility
DOIs are preferred over URLs in many citation styles
DOIs help combat link rot and ensure long-term access to sources
Understanding DOI structure and usage improves citation practices.
What is a DOI?
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to digital objects, such as academic articles, books, and datasets. DOIs serve as persistent identifiers, ensuring the resource can be consistently located and accessed online, even if its URL changes.
Structure of a DOI
DOIs consist of two main parts:
Prefix: Identifies the registrant (e.g., publisher)
Suffix: Unique identifier for the specific resource
For example, in the DOI 10.1000/182, “10.1000” is the prefix, and “182” is the suffix.
DOI Component
Example
Purpose
Prefix
10.1000
Identifies the registrant
Suffix
182
Unique identifier for the resource
DOI Component
How DOIs Work
When a DOI is assigned to a digital object, it is registered with a DOI registration agency, such as CrossRef. This agency maintains a database that links the DOI to the current location of the resource. When a user clicks on a DOI link, they are redirected to the most up-to-date location of the resource.
Benefits of Using DOIs in Citations
Incorporating DOIs in citations offers several advantages:
Persistent Identification: DOIs provide a permanent link to the resource, even if its URL changes.
Easy Access: Readers can quickly locate and access the cited material.
Enhanced Credibility: DOIs are associated with scholarly, peer-reviewed content.
Reduced Link Rot: Unlike URLs, DOIs are not susceptible to link rot.
Related Question: How do DOIs combat link rot?
Link rot occurs when web pages become inaccessible due to changed or deleted URLs. DOIs combat this by providing a persistent identifier that always resolves to the current location of the resource, even if the URL has changed.
How to Find a DOI
DOIs are typically found in the following locations:
On the first page of a journal article
In the article’s online metadata
In the database record for the article
DOI Lookup Tools
If you can’t find a DOI, you can use lookup tools such as:
Different citation styles have specific formats that include DOIs. Here are examples of three common styles:
APA Format
In APA 7th edition, DOIs are presented as URLs: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx
MLA Format
MLA 9th edition includes DOIs in the following format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title, vol. number, issue number, Year, pp. pages. DOI: xxxxx.
Chicago Format
Chicago Style (17th edition) presents DOIs as follows: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx.
While both DOIs and URLs can be used to locate online resources, DOIs offer several advantages:
Persistence: DOIs remain valid even if the URL changes.
Reliability: DOIs are associated with scholarly, peer-reviewed content.
Brevity: DOIs are typically shorter than full URLs.
When to Use DOIs vs. URLs
Use a DOI whenever it’s available. If no DOI exists, use a stable URL. For web pages that are likely to change or be removed, consider using an archiving service like the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine to create a permanent snapshot of the page.
DOIs in Different Types of Publications
DOIs are widely used across various types of academic publications, enhancing their discoverability and citability.
Journal Articles
Journal articles are the most common type of publication that has DOIs. Most reputable academic journals assign DOIs to their articles, making them easily citable and accessible.
Books and Book Chapters
Increasingly, academic books and individual book chapters are being assigned DOIs. This practice is particularly common in e-books and open-access publications.
Conference Papers
Many conference proceedings and individual conference papers now receive DOIs, especially when published in digital formats or included in academic databases.
Publication Type
DOI Usage
Benefits
Journal Articles
Very common
Easy citation, increased visibility
Books/Chapters
Increasing
Improved discoverability, chapter-level citation
Conference Papers
Common in digital proceedings
Long-term accessibility, easier tracking of impact
Publication Types and DOI Usage
The Role of DOIs in Academic Integrity
DOIs play a crucial role in maintaining academic integrity by ensuring that sources can be accurately traced and verified. This is particularly important in the digital age, where information can be easily altered or removed.
Enhancing Reproducibility
In scientific research, DOIs contribute to reproducibility efforts by providing a permanent link to datasets, protocols, and other supplementary materials associated with a study.
Facilitating Peer Review
DOIs make it easier for peer reviewers to access and verify the sources cited in a manuscript, contributing to the rigor of the peer review process.
DOIs and Metadata
DOIs are closely linked to rich metadata about the academic resources they identify. This metadata can include:
Author information
Publication date
Journal or book title
Volume and issue numbers
Page numbers
Copyright information
Related Question: How does DOI metadata enhance discoverability?
DOI metadata enhances discoverability by providing comprehensive information about a resource. This allows search engines and academic databases to index the content more effectively, making it easier for researchers to find relevant sources.
DOIs in Citation Management Software
Many popular citation management tools, such as Zotero, Mendeley, and EndNote, can automatically retrieve and format DOIs in citations. This feature saves time and reduces errors in citation formatting.
Citation Management Tool
DOI Handling
Zotero
Automatic DOI lookup and formatting
Mendeley
Includes DOIs in exported citations
EndNote
Supports DOI fields and online lookup
Citation Management Tool
Future of DOIs in Academic Citations
As digital publishing continues to evolve, DOIs are likely to become even more integral to academic citations. Some potential developments include:
Increased use of DOIs for non-traditional academic outputs (e.g., datasets, software, videos)
Integration of DOIs with emerging technologies like blockchain for enhanced verification
Expansion of DOI usage in fields traditionally reliant on print publications
Frequently Asked Questions
What does DOI stand for?
DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier. It’s a unique alphanumeric string assigned to digital objects to provide a persistent link to their location on the internet.
Are all online academic sources required to have a DOI?
No, not all online academic sources have DOIs. While DOIs are common for journal articles and increasingly used for books and conference papers, many online sources, such as websites or informal publications, may not have DOIs.
Can a DOI ever change?
The DOI itself never changes. However, the URL that the DOI resolves to can be updated if the location of the resource changes. This is one of the key benefits of using DOIs in citations.
How do I create a DOI for my own work?
To create a DOI for your work, you typically need to publish through a registered DOI issuing organization, such as a journal publisher or institutional repository. Individuals cannot directly create their own DOIs.
What should I do if I can’t find a DOI for a source I’m citing?
If you can’t find a DOI for a source, use the most stable URL available. For online sources that may change, consider using a web archiving service to create a permanent snapshot of the page.
Are DOIs case-sensitive?
No, DOIs are not case-sensitive. Whether written in uppercase or lowercase, a DOI will resolve to the same location.
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In the world of academic and professional writing, proper citations are crucial. Online reference generators have become indispensable tools for students and researchers alike. This guide will explore some of the best online reference generators, their features, and how to use them effectively.
Key Takeaways
Online reference generators streamline the citation process
The best generators offer various features and support multiple citation styles.
Choosing the right generator depends on individual needs and academic requirements.
Proper use of these tools can save time and improve citation accuracy
Understanding citation basics is still essential for the effective use of these tools.
What is an Online Reference Generator?
An online reference generator is a digital tool designed to automatically create citations and bibliographies for various sources. These tools simplify the often tedious process of formatting references using specific citation styles such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard.
Why Are Proper Citations Important?
Proper citations serve several critical purposes in academic and professional writing:
Giving credit to original authors
Avoiding plagiarism
Allowing readers to locate and verify sources
Demonstrating the depth and breadth of research
The Best Online Reference Generators
1. Citation Machine
Citation Machine is a popular choice among students and professionals. It offers:
Support for multiple citation styles
A user-friendly interface
Grammar and plagiarism-checking features
If you want to access the citation machine website, click here.
CiteFast is another notable online reference generator that deserves mention:
Simple and intuitive interface
Supports APA, MLA, and Chicago citation styles
Offers a browser extension for easy citation while researching
To access the CiteFast reference generator, click here.
7. QuillBot
While primarily known for its paraphrasing tool, QuillBot also offers a robust citation generator:
Supports multiple citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Chicago
Integrates with its other writing tools like grammar checker and paraphraser
Offers a Chrome extension for convenient citing
To access the Quillbot reference generator, click here.
Comparison of Features
Feature
Citation Machine
EasyBib
Cite This For Me
BibMe
Zotero
CiteFast
QuillBot
Free Version
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Premium Version
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Citation Styles
7+
7+
7000+
7+
9000+
38+
38+
Plagiarism Checker
Yes (Premium)
Yes (Premium)
No
Yes (Premium)
No
No
Yes (Premium)
Browser Extension
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mobile App
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Additional Tools
Grammar checker
None
Project saving
Grammar checker
Reference management
None
Paraphraser, Grammar checker
Comparison of Features of Different Online Reference Generators
How to Choose the Right Reference Generator
Selecting the best online reference generator depends on several factors:
Academic requirements: Ensure the tool supports the citation style required by your institution.
Ease of use: Look for an intuitive interface that streamlines your workflow.
Integration: Consider tools that integrate with your preferred writing software.
Additional features: Some generators offer plagiarism checking, grammar correction, or note-taking capabilities.
Related Question: Which citation generator is most accurate?
While all top reference generators strive for accuracy, studies have shown that Zotero and Cite This For Me often produce the most accurate citations. However, it’s important to note that no generator is perfect, and manual verification is always recommended.
Tips for Using Online Reference Generators Effectively
To make the most of these tools:
Double-check all generated citations: Automated systems can make mistakes, especially with complex or unusual sources.
Understand basic citation principles: Knowing the fundamentals will help you spot and correct errors.
Keep your sources organized: Many generators allow you to save and categorize your references.
Use additional features: Take advantage of note-taking or file attachment options if available.
Related Question: Can online reference generators handle all types of sources?
Most modern reference generators can handle a wide variety of sources, including:
Books and e-books
Journal articles
Websites
Videos and podcasts
Social media posts
Government documents
However, for very unusual or specialized sources, you may need to manually adjust the citation or consult your style guide.
Benefits of Using Online Reference Generators
Incorporating these tools into your research and writing process offers several advantages:
Time-saving: Automatically formatting citations can significantly reduce the time spent on bibliographies.
Consistency: These tools ensure that all your citations follow the same format.
Reduced errors: While not perfect, automated citation generally results in fewer formatting mistakes than manual entry.
Up-to-date styles: Online tools are often updated to reflect the latest changes in citation styles.
Related Question: Do professors allow the use of citation generators?
Most professors allow and even encourage the use of citation generators, recognizing their efficiency and potential for accuracy. However, it’s always best to confirm with your instructor and ensure that you’re using a reputable tool.
Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
While online reference generators are powerful tools, they’re not without potential issues:
Over-reliance on automation: Always review and verify generated citations.
Incorrect source information: Double-check that you’ve entered the correct details for each source.
Misunderstanding citation styles: Familiarize yourself with the basics of your required citation style.
Neglecting in-text citations: Many generators focus on bibliographies, but in-text citations are equally important.
To avoid these pitfalls:
Regularly consult official style guides
Keep up with updates to citation styles
Practice manual citation to understand the process better
Future of Online Reference Generators
As technology continues to evolve, so do online reference generators. Here are some trends shaping their future:
AI Integration
Artificial Intelligence is set to revolutionize reference generators by:
Improving accuracy in source recognition
Offering more context-aware citation suggestions
Enhancing natural language processing for better understanding of source content
Enhanced Collaboration Features
Future reference generators are likely to include:
Real-time collaboration tools for group projects
Integration with cloud storage services for seamless sharing
Version control for tracking changes in citations and bibliographies
Broader Source Recognition
Expect improvements in citing:
Data sets and software
Virtual and augmented reality content
Blockchain and decentralized sources
Related Question: Will AI replace the need for a manual citation?
While AI will significantly improve citation tools, it’s unlikely to replace the need for human oversight completely. Understanding citation principles will remain crucial for accurate and ethical academic writing.
Impact on Academic Integrity
The evolution of online reference generators has implications for academic integrity:
Positive Impacts
Potential Concerns
Reduced unintentional plagiarism
Over-reliance on technology
Improved consistency in citations
Potential for new forms of academic dishonesty
More time for substantive research
Reduced understanding of citation principles
Impact on Academic Integrity
Balancing Technology and Skills
To maintain academic integrity while benefiting from these tools:
Use reference generators as aids, not substitutes, for understanding.
Regularly update your knowledge of citation styles
Develop critical thinking skills to evaluate sources
Understand your institution’s policies on citation tool usage
Integrating Reference Generators with Writing Workflows
Maximizing the benefits of online reference generators involves seamlessly integrating them into your writing process:
During Research
Use browser extensions to save sources as you find them
Take advantage of note-taking features to capture key points
While Writing
Utilize in-text citation features to insert citations as you write
Use placeholder citations for sources you plan to add later
Editing and Proofreading
Run a final check on all citations
Use built-in grammar and plagiarism checkers (if available)
Related Question: How can I ensure my citations are correct when using an online generator?
To ensure accuracy:
Double-check all inputted information
Verify generated citations against official style guides
Keep your generator updated to the latest version
Manually review and adjust citations as needed
Conclusion
Online reference generators have become invaluable tools in academic and professional writing. They offer significant time-saving benefits and can improve the consistency and accuracy of citations. However, it’s crucial to use these tools wisely, understanding their limitations and the importance of maintaining academic integrity. As these tools continue to evolve, integrating AI and enhanced collaboration features, they will likely become even more integral to the research and writing process. Nevertheless, a solid understanding of citation principles and critical thinking skills will remain essential for producing high-quality academic work. By leveraging the power of online reference generators while maintaining a commitment to academic rigour, writers can streamline their workflow, reduce errors, and focus more on the substance of their research and writing.
FAQs
Are online reference generators accurate?
Online reference generators are generally accurate, but they’re not infallible. The accuracy depends on:
The quality of the input data
The complexity of the source
How up-to-date the generator is with current citation standards
It’s always recommended that generated citations be reviewed for accuracy.
Can I use online reference generators for all types of sources?
Most modern reference generators can handle a wide variety of sources, including books, journal articles, websites, and multimedia. However, for very specialized or unusual sources, you may need to manually adjust the citation or consult your style guide.
Are there any free online reference generators?
Yes, many online reference generators offer free versions with basic features. Some popular free options include:
Zotero (completely free and open-source)
Citation Machine (free version available)
EasyBib (free version available)
Premium versions often offer additional features like plagiarism checking and unlimited citations.
How do I choose between different citation styles?
Choosing a citation style typically depends on the following:
Your field of study (e.g., APA for social sciences, MLA for humanities)
Your instructor’s or publisher’s requirements
The type of document you’re writing (e.g., research paper, thesis)
Always check with your instructor or consult your course syllabus for specific requirements.
Can online reference generators help with in-text citations?
Yes, many online reference generators provide assistance with in-text citations. They can generate both the full reference for your bibliography and the corresponding in-text citation. However, you’ll need to manually insert these in-text citations into your document at the appropriate places.
How often are online reference generators updated?
The frequency of updates varies by platform. Reputable generators typically update their systems when there are significant changes to major citation styles. It’s a good practice to check for updates regularly, especially at the beginning of each academic term.
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In the realm of technical and scientific writing, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) citation and referencing style stands as a cornerstone for clear, concise, and credible documentation. This standardized format ensures that engineers, computer scientists, and other technical professionals can effectively communicate their research findings while giving due credit to their sources. Whether you’re a student preparing a thesis or a seasoned researcher drafting a journal article, mastering the IEEE citation style is crucial for success in your academic and professional endeavours.
Key Takeaways
The IEEE citation style is widely used in technical and scientific writing.
It employs a numerical system for in-text citations and a corresponding reference list.
Proper use of the IEEE style enhances the credibility and clarity of research papers.
Various tools and resources are available to assist with IEEE citation formatting.
Understanding the Basics of IEEE Citation Style
What is IEEE Citation Style?
IEEE citation style is a numbered referencing system widely adopted in technical fields such as engineering, computer science, and information technology. It provides a structured method for citing sources within the text and creating a comprehensive reference list at the end of a document.
Key Components of IEEE Citations
In-text Citations: References are numbered in square brackets, e.g., [1], in the order of appearance.
Reference List: A detailed list of all cited sources, numbered correspondingly to the in-text citations.
Citation Within the Text
The document or the report itself contains the initial phase of the reference citation procedure. Simple sequential numbers must be used within the text to indicate each citation. The specific reference is indicated in the report text by a number in square brackets. Citations are numbered according to their appearance order. The number of sources utilized in all subsequent report references is determined once they have been cited. Except for the citation reference information, there is no differentiation between print and electronic sources.
Every citation number must be placed within square brackets on the same line as the text, preceding any punctuation, and with a space preceding the bracket.
Note: Authors and dates do not have to be written out after the first reference; use the bracketed number. Also, it is not necessary to write “in reference [2].” Just write “in [2].”
The preferred method to cite more than one source at a time is to list each reference in its own brackets, then separate with a comma or dash:
[1], [3], [5]
[1]– [5]
Reference Lists
To finish citing sources, a numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the paper. The list is comprised of sequential enumerated citations, with details beginning with [1], and is not alphabetical.
Page Format
Place references flush left
Single-space entries, double-space between.
Place the number of entries at the left margin enclosed in brackets.
Indent text of entries.
The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of electronic and print sources. These citations are the ones in widest use. Not everything is listed.
Electronic Documents
E-books
[1] L. Erick, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 3rd ed.
[2] R. B. Smith, “Quantum Computing,” in The Oxford Handbook of Quantum Information. Oxford University Press, [online document], 2005. Available: Oxford Handbooks Online, http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com [Accessed: June 15, 2008].
Journal Article Abstract (accessed from an online database)
[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, “Deriving objects from use cases in real-time embedded systems,” Information and Software Technology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract]. Available: ProQuest, http://www.umi.com/proquest/ [Accessed November 12, 2007].
Journal Article in Scholarly Journal (published free of charge on the Internet)
[2] A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/ . [Accessed Dec. 2, 2007].
Newspaper Article from the Internet
[3] C. Wilson-Clark, “Computers ranked as key literacy,” The Atlanta JournalConstitution, para. 3, March 29, 2007. [Online], Available: http://www.thewest.com.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2007].
Internet Documents
Professional Internet Site
[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guide for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,”European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI-TR-101, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.etsi.org. [Accessed: Nov. 12, 2007].
General Internet Site
[2] J. Geralds, “Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast,” vnunet.com, para. 2, Jan. 31, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://nli.vnunet.com/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12, 2007].
[1]S. Bhanndahar. ECE 4321. Class Lecture, Topic: “Bluetooth can’t help you.” School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 9, 2008.
Print Documents
Books
Single Author
[1]W. K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press, 2003.
Edited Book
[2] J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir, Eds., Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001.
Selection in an Edited Book
[3] E. D. Lipson and B. D. Horwitz, “Photosensory reception and transduction,” in Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction, J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir, Eds. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001, pp-1-64.
Three or More Authors
[4] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, and S. Wheelwright, Operations, Strategy, and Technical Knowledge. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.
Book by an Institutional or Organizational Author
[5] Council of Biology Editors, Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 6th ed., Chicago: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Manual
[6] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission System for Communication, Bell Telephone Lab, 2005.
Application Note
[7] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp.25-29.
Note: Titles of unpublished works are not italicized or capitalized. Capitalize only the first word.
Technical Report
[8] K. E. Elliott and C. M. Greene, “A local adaptive protocol,” Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Report. 916-1010-BB, 7 Apr. 2007.
Patent/Standard
[9] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, “Fuzzy controller component,” U. S. Patent 14, 860,040, 14 Dec., 2006.
[11] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Pocket Statistics. Washington, DC: Office of Headquarters Operations, 2007.
Paper Published in Conference Proceedings
[12] J. Smith, R. Jones, and K. Trello, “Adaptive filtering in data communications with self-improved error reference,” In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications ’04, 2004, pp. 65-68.
Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished)
[13] H. A. Nimr, “Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzy controllers,” presented at 5th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 2006.
Thesis or Dissertation (unpublished)
[14] H. Zhang, “Delay-insensitive networks,” M. S. thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 2007.
Article in Encyclopedia, Signed
[15]O. Singh, “Computer graphics,” in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007, pp. 279-291.
Journal Articles
Article in Journal (paginated by annual volume)
[8] K. A. Nelson, R. J. Davis, D. R. Lutz, and W. Smith, “Optical generation of tunable ultrasonic waves,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 53, no. 2, Feb., pp. 1144-1149, 2002.
Article in Professional Journal (paginated by issue)
[9] J. Atapangittya, “Social studies in gibberish,” Quarterly Review of Doublespeak, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 9-10, 2003.
Article in Monthly or Bimonthly Periodical
[10] J. Fallows, “Networking technology,” Atlantic Monthly, Jul., pp. 34-36, 2007.
Article in Daily, Weekly, or Biweekly Newspaper or Magazine
[11]B. Metcalfe, “The numbers show how slowly the Internet runs today,” Infoworld,30 Sep., p. 34, 2006.
How Does IEEE Differ from Other Citation Styles?
IEEE employs a numerical system unlike the APA or MLA, which use author-date systems. This approach is particularly beneficial in technical writing, where multiple references to the same source are common.
Feature
IEEE
APA
MLA
In-text Citation
[1]
(Author, Year)
(Author Page)
Citation Order
Order of appearance
Alphabetical
Alphabetical
Reference List
Numbered list
Alphabetical list
Alphabetical list
How Does IEEE Differs from Other Citation Styles
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Even experienced writers can make errors when using the IEEE citation style. Here are some common pitfalls and how to steer clear of them:
Incorrect Numbering: Ensure that your in-text citation numbers match the order in your reference list.
Inconsistent Formatting: Maintain consistency in punctuation, capitalization, and italicization across all your citations.
Missing Information: Double-check that all required elements are included for each source type.
To avoid these mistakes, consider using citation management software or online citation generators. However, always review the output for accuracy, as these tools are not infallible.
Tools and Resources for IEEE Citation
Several tools can streamline the process of creating IEEE citations:
Citation Management Software
EndNote
Zotero
Mendeley
These programs can help you organize your sources and automatically generate citations in IEEE format.
Online Citation Generators
IEEE Citation Generator by Citation Machine
BibMe IEEE Citation Generator
EasyBib IEEE Citation Tool
While convenient, always double-check the output of these generators against official IEEE guidelines.
Official IEEE Style Guides
For the most authoritative information, refer to:
IEEE Editorial Style Manual
IEEE Reference Guide
These resources provide comprehensive guidelines on IEEE citation and writing style.
IEEE Citation in Different Fields
While the basic principles of IEEE citation remain consistent, there may be slight variations or additional requirements depending on your specific field of study:
Engineering
In engineering disciplines, pay special attention to citing technical reports, patents, and industry standards. For example:
[5] ASME, “Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1,” ASME, New York, 2023.
Computer Science
Computer science papers often involve citing algorithms, software, and online repositories. For instance:
By understanding these field-specific nuances, you can ensure that your citations are not only correct but also relevant to your area of expertise.
Remember, the key to mastering the IEEE citation style is practice and attention to detail. As you continue to use this format in your writing, you’ll find it becomes second nature, allowing you to focus more on the content of your research rather than the technicalities of citation.
Benefits of Using IEEE Citation Style
Adopting the IEEE citation style offers several advantages for technical and scientific writers:
Consistency in Technical Writing
IEEE style provides a uniform format for citing sources across various technical disciplines. This consistency helps readers quickly locate and verify references, enhancing the overall clarity of the document.
Facilitating Cross-Referencing
The numerical system used in IEEE citations makes it easy to refer to the same source multiple times without disrupting the flow of the text. This is particularly useful in technical papers where a single source might be referenced in different sections.
Enhancing Credibility of Research
Proper citation using the IEEE style demonstrates academic integrity and gives credit to original sources. This practice not only avoids plagiarism but also strengthens the credibility of your research by showing a thorough understanding of existing literature in your field.
Advanced IEEE Citation Techniques
As you become more familiar with the IEEE style, you can employ some advanced techniques to refine your citations:
Citing Multiple Sources
When referencing multiple sources at once, you can group them within a single set of brackets:
For consecutive numbers: [1]-[3]
For non-consecutive numbers: [1], [3], [5]
Referring to Specific Parts of a Source
To direct readers to a particular section, table, or figure within a source, you can add this information to your in-text citation:
[2, Fig. 3] or [4, Ch. 2, pp. 25-30]
Citing Standards and Patents
Technical writing often involves referencing industry standards and patents. Here’s how to cite them:
Standards:
[8] IEEE Standard for Information Technology, IEEE Standard 802.11, 2020.
Patents:
[9] J. Inventor, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent 1 234 567, Sept. 15, 2023.
IEEE Citation Style: Best Practices
To ensure your IEEE citations are top-notch, consider these best practices:
Stay Updated: Regularly check the IEEE website for the latest citation guidelines.
Be Consistent: Maintain the same format throughout your document.
Use DOIs: When available, include Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for online sources.
Check Abbreviations: Use standard abbreviations for journal titles as specified by IEEE.
Verify Accuracy: Double-check all citations against original sources.
Adapting to Different IEEE Publications
Different IEEE publications may have slight variations in their citation requirements. Always consult the specific guidelines for the journal or conference you’re submitting to. Some common variations include:
The use of et al. for papers with more than six authors
The inclusion of article numbers for online-only journals
Specific formatting for symposium or conference proceedings
IEEE Citation in the Digital Age
As research increasingly moves online, the IEEE citation style has adapted to accommodate digital sources:
Example: [11] IEEE Spectrum, “The Future of AI: IEEE Expert Insights,” YouTube, Mar. 15, 2024. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcdefghijk. [Accessed: July 6, 2024].
FAQs
Q: How do I cite a source with no author? A: If no author is listed, start the citation with the title of the work.
Q: Should I include URLs for all online sources? A: Include URLs for web pages and online documents that are not from established publications. For journal articles, a DOI is preferred if available.
Q: How do I cite a source that I’ve referenced multiple times? A: Use the same citation number throughout your document, even if you reference the source in different sections.
Q: What’s the difference between a reference list and a bibliography in IEEE style? A: In IEEE style, you typically use a reference list, which includes only the sources you’ve cited in your work. A bibliography, which includes all sources consulted (even if not directly cited), is less common.
Q: Can I use footnotes in IEEE style? A: While not typically used for citations, footnotes can be used for additional information or explanations. Number them separately from your references.
Q: How do I cite my own previously published work? A: Cite your own work just as you would any other source, using your name as the author.
By mastering IEEE citation and referencing style, you’re equipping yourself with an essential skill for effective technical and scientific communication. Remember that while tools and resources can assist you, developing a keen eye for detail and consistently applying the rules will ultimately lead to flawless citations. As you continue to engage with IEEE style in your academic and professional writing, you’ll find it becomes an invaluable asset in presenting your research clearly, credibly, and professionally.
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The OSCOLA Referencing Style (Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities) is a citation system specifically designed for legal scholarship. The OSCOLA Referencing Style provides a standardized method for referencing legal sources and authorities, ensuring clarity, precision, and consistency in legal writing. The OSCOLA style is widely used in legal documents, academic papers, and scholarly articles in the UK and other jurisdictions. The key aspects of the OSCOLA Referencing Style are shown in the table below.
Cases
References include the case name, year, volume number, report series, and page number.
Footnotes
The primary citation method is where references are provided in footnotes rather than in-text citations.
Bibliography
Organized at the end of the document, listing all sources cited, separated into categories such as cases, legislation, and secondary sources.
Books
Bibliographic references include the author’s name, title in italics, edition (if not the first), publisher, and year of publication.
Articles
The primary citation method is where references are provided in footnotes rather than in-text citations.
Legislation
Citations for statutes and statutory instruments include the title, year, and chapter number or other identifying details.
Key Aspects of the OSCOLA Referencing Style
OSCOLA 4th Edition: What’s New?
The 4th edition of OSCOLA introduced several key changes to improve usability and address evolving citation needs in the digital age. Here’s a quick overview of the major updates:
Feature
Change in 4th Edition
Online Sources
Expanded guidelines for citing digital resources
Neutral Citations
Increased emphasis on using neutral citations for cases
Abbreviations
Updated list of standard abbreviations
Foreign Materials
Enhanced guidance on citing international sources
Change in OSCOLA4th Edition
These changes reflect the growing importance of online legal resources and the internationalization of legal scholarship.
General Principles of Formatting
Footnotes: OSCOLA uses footnotes for citations, not in-text parenthetical references.
Superscript Numbers: Place footnote markers after punctuation marks.
The recommended font is Arial 12 (unless other instructions are given).
Since OSCOLA is most commonly employed for citing legal sources, it lacks the specific requirements of a full-fledged style when it comes to the design of a title page and other details. Using footnotes to cite legal documents and files is crucial.
A footnote marker may follow a significant word or phrase.
Superscript numbers that denote footnotes are typically positioned at the conclusion of a sentence.
A superscript number is followed by a full stop at the conclusion of a sentence.
Single quotation marks are employed in place of double quotation marks.
Semicolons are employed to distinguish between multiple citations within a single footnote.
OSCOLA Footnote Citation Guide
Where the same source is referred to again successively on the same page following the OSCOLA referencing style, one is advised to avoid giving a second full citation so that it remains brief and not needlessly repetitive. Instead, it becomes necessary to use a shortened form or other suitable identifier to indicate that it is the same source.
When a later reference is made to a source that has already been cited, it is possible to provide a short identifier, such as the name of the author and a part of the title indicating it is the same source. The identifier should then be followed by a cross-citation in brackets to the original footnote number where the full citation is found.
In the case where the next footnote is the same source as a full citation just before it, then ‘ibid’ (short for ‘ibidem,’ which translates to ‘in the same place’) should be used to indicate that it is the same reference. The use of ‘ibid’ in this way will ease the citation and also avoid unnecessary repetition while keeping the meaning intact.
Example:
Qun Zhang, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3 (10) IJCRB 599.
Ibid 600.
Reference List
Secondary sources should be placed on a separate sheet following the main content of the paper.
Sources must be arranged in alphabetical order and should correspond to the footnotes through the use of a corresponding superscript number in the document.
If multiple sources of the same author are used, they are to be listed in chronological order with 2 em-dash replacing the author’s name.
Example:
Fromm E, The Fear of Freedom (Routledge & Kegan Paul 1942)
— — The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books 1987)
When citing multiple sources from the same author and year, it is necessary to include letter designations after the year of publication (e.g., 2014a, 2014b).
The majority of the paper should be formatted with double spacing, except for the reference list where single spacing is employed, with an additional line to separate each entry.
Examples of OSCOLA Primary Sources
OSCOLA Referencing of Cases from England and Wales
Cases with neutral citations
In the OSCOLA reference style, legal cases should be cited with the case name in italics, followed by the year in square brackets or round brackets depending on whether the year is essential for identifying the volume, the court abbreviation, the case number, and the first page of the report.
Note:
When the case is first mentioned in the text or footnotes, give the full name. After that, it can be shortened.
1. R v R [1991] UKHL 12, [1992] 1 AC 599
2.R (n 14)
A reference to a particular paragraph of a judgment or page of a report (pinpoint) may be stated at the end. Reference to a paragraph is written in square brackets.
3.Smith v Jones [2010] EWCA Civ 143, [2010] 1 WLR 1234 [para 25]–[para 40]
Cases without neutral citations
In the OSCOLA reference style, legal cases without neutral citations should be cited with the case name in italics, followed by the year in square brackets or round brackets (depending on whether the year is essential for identifying the volume), the volume number, the report abbreviation, the first page of the report, and the court in parentheses.
Example:
4. Smith v Brown [2015] UKSC 25, [2015] 2 WLR 789 (SC)
5.Smith (n 11)
Law reports
6.Jones v Smith [2005] CLY 421 (QB)
7.Robinson v Brown [2012] CLY 888 (Ch)
Cases from Scotland
In the OSCOLA reference style for Scottish cases, citations should include the case name in italics, followed by the year in round brackets, the volume number, the report abbreviation, and the first-page number, with no punctuation other than commas separating the page numbers.
For example, a case citation would look like this:
8.Durham v Hislop (1852) 4 D 1188
9.Adams v Advocate General 2023 SC 171 (OH)
Cases from Northern Ireland
10.Smith v Jones [2008] NI 45
UK Legislation
Statutes
11. Sexual Offences Act 2003, s 1(1)(c).
12. Criminal Attempts Act 1981, ss 1(1) and 4(3). 25 17.
Bills
Title HC Bill (session) [number] OR Title HL Bill (session) number
13. Abortion HC Bill (2017-2019) [2].
UK Acts of Parliament
Title year of adoption.
14. Parliament Act 2019.
Parts of UK acts
A short title, year of adoption, session (subsection number) (paragraph).
15. Human Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b).
Statutory Instruments, or Sis
Title year/number.
16. Cremation (England and Wales) Regulations 2008, SI 2008/2841.
OSCOLA Referencing of Devolved UK legislatures
Scottish Parliament
Act title asp number (Act of the Scottish Parliament).
17. Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2016 (asp 1).
Scottish SSIs (statutory instruments)
Title with a particular year SSI number.
18. The Letting Agent Registration (Scotland) Regulations 2016, SSI 2016/432.
Northern Ireland Assembly Acts
Title mentioning Northern Ireland year.
19. Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 2013.
Northern Irish Statutory Rules
Title of the Rule, including Northern Ireland year, Statutory Rule number.
20. The Local Government (Specified Bodies) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2012, SR 2012/8.
Welsh legislation
As a rule, specific measures are cited, which may be passed by the Welsh government. In footnotes, they are abbreviated as nawm. Such a citation includes:
Title of the measure year (number).
21. Domestic Fire Safety (Wales) Measure 2011 (nawm 3).
Welsh Statutory Instruments
Order title and year Welsh Statutory Instrument year/Instrument’s number in brackets.
22. The Independent Health Care (Fees) (Wales) Regulations Order 2011 Welsh Statutory Instrument 2011/106 (W. 25).
European Union Legislative Documents
This type of official documentation includes legislation, directives, regulations, and decisions.
European Union Legislation
Title of legislation [year] series mentioned in Official Journal (OJ) issue/first page.
23. Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community [2007] OJ C 306/01.
Directives, Regulations, and Decisions
Type of legislation number title [year] L series in the Official Journal issue/first page.
European Union Directives:24. Council Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society [2001] OJ L 167/10.
European Union Regulations:25. Council Regulation (EU) 1984/2003 introducing a system for the statistical monitoring of trade in bluefin tuna, swordfish and big eye tuna within the Community [2003] OJ L 295/1.
European Union Commission Decisions 26. Alcatel/Telettra (Case No IV/M.042) Commission Decision [1991] OJ L 122/48.
Note:
Commission decisions should be cited in the same way as cases.
European Court of Justice (ECJ) and General Court (GC) Judgements
Prefix (“Case C-” for ECJ or “Case T-” for GC) number indicating the case registration Case Name [year] report citation.
27. Case C-557/12 Kone AG v OBB-Infrastruktur [2014] C.M.L.R. 5.
OSCOLA Referencing of International Legislative Resources
United Nations laws
Author Title (date) number:
28. UNGA Res 67/97 (26 August 2008) A/63/332.
Treaties
Title (date of adoption) publication mentioning (Short name) number of the article:
29. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (adopted 10 June 1958, entered into force 7 June 1959) 330 UNTS 4739 (Foreign Arbitral Awards Convention) art 3.
International Court of Justice (ICJ) documents
Case Title [year] Court’s Report Citation/<link> accessed DD Month YYYY
30. Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) [2013] ICJ Judgement <https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/155> accessed 24 December 2018.
Examples of OSCOLA Secondary Sources
OSCOLA Referencing of Books
One author
Author, Title (additional information, edition, publisher year)
Sepetys R, Salt to the Sea (Philomel Books 2016)
Footnote citation:
1. Ruta Sepetys, Salt to the Sea (Philomel Books 2016)
Two or three authors
Bohm A and Chaudri D, Securing Australia’s Future: An Analysis of the International Education Markets in India (IDP Education Australia 2000)
Footnote citation:
1. Andrew Bohm and Dean Chaudri, Securing Australia’s Future: An Analysis of the International Education Markets in India (IDP Education Australia 2000) 33–55
Four or more authors
Bell M and others, Universities Online: A Survey of Online Education and Services in Australia (Department of Education, Science and Training 2002)
Footnote citation:
1. Michael Bell and others, Universities Online: A Survey of Online Education and Services in Australia (Department of Education, Science, and Training 2002) 45
Books with editors or translators
Baker R (ed), The Norton Book of Light Verse (W. W. Norton 1986)
Footnote citation:
1. Russell Baker (ed), The Norton Book of Light Verse (W. W. Norton 1986) 105
Note:
For one editor, use ed; for two and more – eds
In a case with a translator, use tr / trs instead of ed/eds
Authors plus editors or translators
Churchill W, The Literary Works of Winston Churchill (Samuel Jackson ed, The Limited Editions Club 1963)
Footnote citation:
1. Winston Churchill, The Literary Works of Winston Churchill (Samuel Jackson ed, The Limited Editions Club 1963) 12
Multiple works by the same author
Using multiple works by the same author poses no challenge, as all are to be cited in footnotes at the bottom of the page.
Fromm E, The Fear of Freedom (Routledge & Kegan Paul 1942)
—. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Penguin Books 1987)
Footnote citation:
1. Erich Fromm, The Fear of Freedom (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1942) 33
2. Erich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987) 42
Different editions
Kremer J and Moran A, Pure Sport: Practical Sport Psychology (2nd edn, Routledge 2013)
Footnote citation:
1. John Kremer and Aidan Moran, Pure Sport: Practical Sports Psychology (2nd edn, Routledge 2013) 104
Encyclopedia or dictionary
‘Christianity’, The New Encyclopedia Britannica (15th edn, 2018) <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Church-tradition> accessed 24 December 2018
Footnote citation:
1.‘Christianity’, The New Encyclopedia Britannica (15th edn, 2018) <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Church-tradition> accessed 24 December 2018
Note:
State either page number(s) or link and access date depending on whether the source is published or found online.
Chapter in an edited book
Higgs M, ‘Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions’ in P. Alex Linley, Susan Harrington, and Nicola Garcea (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work (Oxford University Press 2013) 67–94
Footnote citation:
1. Malcolm Higgs, ‘Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions’ in P. Alex Linley, Susan Harrington, and Nicola Garcea (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work (Oxford University Press 2013) 67–94
OSCOLA Referencing of Articles in Periodicals
Journal article
Author, ‘Title’ [year] Journal Name or Abbreviation first page of article
Author, ‘Title’ (year) volume(number) Journal Name or Abbreviation first page of article
Zhang Q and others, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3(10) Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 599
Footnote citation:
1. Qun Zhang and others, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3(10) Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 599
Online Journals
The OSCOLA referencing of online journals is similar to that of journal articles, but in this case, <URL> or <doi>, and access dates are
given.
Zhang Q and others, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3(10) Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 599 <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6303/744cf0edb78ac8512ecb660b19167b607ddb.pdf> accessed 24 December 2018
Footnote citation:
1. Qun Zhang and others, ‘Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review’ (2012) 3(10) Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 599 <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6303/744cf0edb78ac8512ecb660b19167b607ddb.pdf> accessed 24 December 2018
Newspaper Articles
Gellman B and Nakashima E, ‘US spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show’ Washington Post (Washington, 13 August 2013) C3.
Footnote citation:
1. Barton Gellman and Ellen Nakashima, ‘US spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show’ Washington Post (Washington, 13 August 2013) C3
OSCOLA Referencing of Web Sources
Websites and Blogs
Daniels C, ‘Pumpkin Pie’ (Easy Recipes, 25 April 2016) <www.easyrecipes.com/04/25/2016/pumpkinpie> accessed 24 December 2018
Footnote citation:
1. Christie Daniels, ‘Pumpkin Pie’ (Easy Recipes, 25 April 2016) <www.easyrecipes.com/04/25/2016/pumpkin-pie> accessed 24 December 2018
Citing Dissertations and Theses
Thesis or dissertation
Rutz CL, ‘King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues’ (PhD diss., University of Chicago 2013)
Footnote citation:
1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, ‘King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues’ (PhD diss., University of Chicago 2013) 99–100
Command Papers
Author, Paper Title (number, year).
Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Office, Modernising government (Cm 4310, 1999).
Footnote citation:
1. Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Office, Modernising government (Cm 4310, 1999) para 15.
Hansard (Official Debate and Speech Records)
House abbreviation Deb date, volume, column.
HL Deb 15 March 2005, vol 670, col 1234
Suffix WS for citing a written statement:
HC Deb 15 April 2013, vol 561, col 18WS.
Prefix WA for citing a written answer:
HL Deb 21 May 2013, vol 745, col WA39.
Suffix WH for citing a debate in Westminster Hall:
HC Deb 29 January 2013, vol 557, cols 179-205WH.
Series numbers for old records:
HC Deb (4th series) 18 July 1900, vol 86, col 341.
Hansard of Standing Committee:
SC Deb (D) 25 May 2004, col 40.
Note:
Since 2014, column references have not been used. More information may be found on the official website https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answersstatements/written-questions-answers/. Today, a possible relevant citation may look as follows:
HC 10 July 2018, PQ 162501.
Law Commission Reports and Consultation Papers
Law Commission, Report, or Paper Title (number, year).
Law Commission, The 13th Programme of Law Reform (Law Com No 377, 2017).
Footnote citation:
1. Law Commission, The 13th Programme of Law Reform (Law Com No 377, 2017).
2. Law Com No 377.
Interpersonal Communications
Unpublished Letters or Emails
Communication Form from Author to Recipient (DD Month YYYY)
Letter from S Alexander to Gibson WR (1 November 1911).
Interviews
Interviewee’s Name, Position, Educational Institution (if necessary), (Place of the interview date)
Interview with Marilyn Charlton, Professor of Social Science, Swansea University (Swansea 17 July 2017)
FAQs
How do I cite a website in OSCOLA format?
Use the format: Author, ‘Title’ (Website, Date) <URL> accessed [Date]. For example: John Smith, ‘Legal Ethics in the Digital Age’ (Law Blog, 1 June 2023) https://www.lawblog.com/ethics accessed 15 July 2023
What’s the difference between a footnote and a bibliography entry in OSCOLA?
Footnotes use commas as separators and end with a full stop. Bibliography entries use the same information but with different punctuation and a hanging indent: Footnote: 1 HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (3rd ed, Oxford University Press 2012). Bibliography: Hart, HLA, The Concept of Law (3rd ed, Oxford University Press 2012)
How do I use ‘ibid’ in OSCOLA referencing?
Use ‘ibid’ when referring to the same source as in the immediately preceding footnote. If the page number is different, add it after ‘ibid’: 1 Richard Posner, How Judges Think (Harvard University Press 2008) 100. 2 ibid 102.
How should I cite a case with a neutral citation?
Use the neutral citation followed by the law report citation: Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13, [2008] 1 AC 884
How do I cite an EU directive in OSCOLA?
Use this format: Directive 2019/790/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC [2019] OJ L130/92
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