Macroeconomic Policies and Challenges in the UAE
Macroeconomics
Question 1
Macroeconomics is concerned with objectives, issues, and policies that affect the whole economy of a specific country or state. All the economic analysis that concentrates on aggregates is considered a macro. The following are the main objectives of a macroeconomic policy:
Full employment
The petitioner exclude is the more seasoned, a greater amount of date, measure of unemployment utilized as a part of the UAE. Those excluded must be of work, physically fit to work and searching for it, and guaranteeing profit.
For a more practical check and for universal correlations, the ILO (International Labor Organization) measure is utilized. This incorporates the low-ranking unemployed who are not generally qualified to claim, wedded ladies who can’t assert if their spouse is gaining enough, and the individuals who claim disorder and invalidity profits. Many people just marginally hindered unemployed laborers are paid these profits instead of swelling the petitioner tally of unemployment (Bekaert et al. 12).
Note the issue of dynamic and idle parts of the number of inhabitants in meeting expectations age (Bekaert et al. 14). Just the individuals who are dynamic are incorporated in the working populace (or work power), which is characterized as every one of the individuals who are utilized or enlisted unemployed. At the same time, a percentage of the latent are in this classification by decision, such as understudies and individuals who resign early. Right now, in the UAE, the level of work is the most astounding ever (almost 28 million specialists). However, one ought to note the huge contrast in the numbers utilized in assembling and the administrations (more or less 4 million against almost 18 million) (Caballero 12).
Price stability
Inflation is typically characterized as a supported increase in the general level of costs. Actually, it is measured as the yearly rate of progress of the Retail Price Index (RPI), frequently alluded to as the feature rate of inflation. At costs to be steady, along these lines, the inflation rate ought to be zero. By and large, governments are euphoric in the event that they can hold the expansion rate down to a low rate. For clarification of how the RPI is detailed, see the subject called ‘Unemployment and expansion (Bekaert et al. 15). The UAE government likes to focus on the underlying rate of expansion or the yearly rate change in the RPIX. This is the same as the RPI, with the exception that lodging expenses are uprooted as a fiddle of home loan interest installments. It bodes well for the administration to utilize this measure in light of the fact that the weapon they use to control expansion and investment rates straightforwardly influences the RPI itself.
Different less well-known measures incorporate the RPIY, which takes RPIX a stage further by additionally taking out the impacts of aberrant levy (e.g., VAT) and the purchaser value file, which is frequently utilized when making universal examinations. The expansion rates focused around these measures for the entire of 1999 were RPI, 1.5%; RPIX, 2.2%; and RPIY, 1.6%. An alternate imperative fact is that of normal profit development (Di Tella 29). Most economists accept that the development in wages straightforwardly influences the value level. The 4.6% figure for 1999 is sensibly low generally (absolutely contrasted with the early 90s). However, there are reasons for alarm that it will have grabbed amid 2000. At the time of keeping in touch, it was so ahead of schedule that there was no option to get figures for the entire year 2000. This is something that you ought to find yourself.
Stable economic growth
Financial development has a tendency to be measured in terms of the rate of progress of true GDP (Gross Domestic Product). At the point when the expression genuinely goes with any detail, it implies that the impacts of swelling have been uprooted. GDP is a measure of the yearly yield (or wage or use) of an economy. Here and there, GNP (Gross National Product) is utilized, which is very similar to GDP (Bekaert et al. 10). The main contrast is that salary earned from holdings held abroad is included and the wage earned by nonnatives who have possessions in the UAE is taken away (formally called net property pay from abroad). Development figures are distributed quarterly, both as far as the change quarter on quarter and as yearly rate changes.
UAE’s true GDP development was 1.8% in 1999, which is lower than the mid-90s but much superior to the subsidence of the early 90s. Keep in mind that numerous economists were anticipating 1999 to be a year of retreat, so the last figure is truly very sensible. Likewise, there is an enormous distinction between the development rates of the assembling division (-0.4%) and the administration segment (2.8%) (Di Tella 24). The administration segment has been solid for a long time, inasmuch as the assembling part, some would contend, has scarcely recuperated from the subsidence of the early 90s.
Balance of payments in equilibrium
This is a huge point in itself. Take a gander at the subject called ‘Balance of Payments’ for substantially more detail. Quickly, this records all streams of cash into and out of the UAE over a given time period (generally a year). It is divided into two parts: the current account and the capital and financial accounts (once the capital record is recorded, even though analysts still acknowledge this name). Most likely, the most critical is the current record on the grounds that this records how well the UAE is getting along regarding its fares of products and administrations with respect to its imports (Di Tella 25). On the off chance that the UAE is to ‘pay its route’ on the planet over the long haul, then it needs to continue acquiring enough remote coins from its fares to pay for its imports. If this is not the situation, the current record will be in deficiency.
Japan currently has the biggest record surplus on the planet. Despite the fact that a surplus sounds better than a setback, both might be terrible. Japan’s surplus powers different nations on the planet to have shortfalls. Truth be told, while Japan’s surplus is the greatest on the planet, the USA’s deficiency is the greatest on the planet. This is not an occurrence! The UAE has a tendency to be in setbacks, despite the fact that the current record was in surplus several years prior, mostly because of our quality in the administration division.
Question 2
Question 2:
- What is the UAE’s monetary freedom score, and how does it compare to regional and global averages?
- What factors have contributed to the UAE achieving its highest economic freedom score in 10 years?
- How has the UAE government responded to demands for reform during the “Arab Spring”?
- What role do free-trade zones play in the UAE’s economic diversification strategy?
- What are some key challenges facing the UAE in improving the rule of law and reducing corruption?
Answer 2
The United Arab Emirates’ monetary flexibility score is 81.9, making its economy the 25th freest in the 2014 Index. Its score is 0.4 points higher than a year ago, with enhancements in the process of childbirth flexibility, business opportunity, and economic-related opportunity exceeding decreases in the control of government use and opportunity from defilement. The UAE is positioned second out of 16 nations in the Middle East/North Africa area, and its general score is higher than the world and provincial midpoints. The UAE was initially evaluated in the 1996 Index and, from that point forward, has been a local pioneer in monetary opportunity. Upgrades in 50% of the 10 financial flexibilities incorporate headways in the administration of open use and business sector openness. Huge decreases in property rights and flexibility from defilement have kept a general addition, however the economy has attained its most astounding monetary opportunity score in 10 years in the 2014 Index. The UAE can improve its tenet of law. Regard for the principle of law stays undermined by the legal framework’s absence of freedom and defenselessness to political impact.
The United Arab Emirates is an emirate of seven governments. The legislature reacted to requests for change amid the “Middle Easterner Spring” by launching a $1.6 billion project to enhance the framework in the poorer northern emirates. It additionally extended the number of individuals permitted to vote in the September 2011 races for the Federal National Council. Abu Dhabi represents something like 90 percent of oil creation; Dubai is the inside of economy, business, transportation, and tourism (Di Tella 20). Facilitated commerce zones that allow 100 percent outside proprietorship with zero levy help to differentiate the economy. UAE nationals depend vigorously on open-segment jobs and sponsored administrations. Oil and gas fares represent about 80 percent of government incomes.
The UAE has no salary duty and no government-level corporate assessment. In a few emirates, distinctive corporate charges exist for certain business exercises. There are few different assessments, and the general taxation rate is low at 6.1 percent of the economy. Government using is 24 percent of terrible household yield (Di Tella 19). The open obligation is low at about 18 percent of GDP. Oil and gas incomes fundamentally help open use.
Propelling a business takes six methods and eight days, and no base capital is needed. Permitting prerequisites have been streamlined and are less excessive, yet finishing, in any case, assumes control over a month. Vocation regulations are moderately adaptable, and the non-pay expense of utilizing a laborer is moderate. The rebuilding of vigorously financed and obliged government-related elements is required.
The UAE’s normal levy rate is 3.7 percent. Non-levy hindrances are not a critical hindrance to exchange. Remote possession in numerous areas of the economy is topped at 49 percent. The present-day monetary part is productive and aggressive. Banks offer a full scope of administrations. Islamic keeping economy is progressively noticeable. State-claimed banks have kept up a solid vicinity, yet outside banks have in excess of 100 limbs around the nation.
The country needs demand-side solutions, and since unemployment is a systemic issue, the results must be systemic. One mainstream systemic result is to create higher total financial action, yet the main executor that can decide to do that — the central government — is fundamentally hamstrung at this time. An alternate result would be to change laws (which by definition have framework-wide impacts) so that head honchos are compelled to contract more specialists.
Question 3
- What is the Balance of Payments (BOP), and why is it significant for a country’s economy?
- How is the BOP calculated, and what do credits and charges represent in this context?
- What is the difference between a free-floating exchange rate system and a managed float system?
- How do fixed exchange rate systems maintain currency values, and what challenges do they face?
- Why is it important for the UAE government to monitor and manage its exchange rate policies?
Answer 3
The Balance of Payment (BOP) is the strategy nations utilization to screen all worldwide fiscal transactions at a particular time of time. More often than not, the BOP is figured out for each quarter and each scheduled year. All exchanges directed by both the private and open divisions are represented in the BOP, keeping in mind the end goal of figuring out the amount of cash that is going well and done with a nation. In the event that a nation has gotten cash, this is known as a credit, and if a nation has paid or given cash, the transaction is considered a charge. Hypothetically, the BOP ought to be zero, implying that advantages (credits) and liabilities (charges) ought to adjust, yet in practice, this is infrequently the case. Accordingly, the BOP can tell the onlooker if a nation has a deficiency or a surplus and from which a piece of the economy the inconsistencies are curtailing.
Free-Floating Systems
In a free-floating Systems exchange rate regime, governments and national banks don’t take part in the business sector for outside trade. The relationship between governments and nationals depends on the one hand, and cash showcases on the other are much the same as the normal relationship between these foundations and securities exchanges. Governments may manage securities exchanges to avert extortion, however stock qualities themselves are left to buoy in the business sector. The UAE government, for instance, does not mediate in economic markets to impact stock costs.
Managed Float Systems
Governments and national banks regularly try to build or decline their trade rates by purchasing or offering their monetary forms. Trade rates are still allowed to buoy however governments attempt to impact their qualities. Government or national bank investment in a floating exchange rate system is called a managed float.
Fixed Exchange Rates
In a fixed exchange rate system, the exchange rate standards between two monetary forms is situated by government arrangement. There are a few instruments through which settled trade rates may be kept up. Whatever the framework for keeping up these rates, nonetheless, all altered conversion scale frameworks impart some critical peculiarities
Question 4
- What factors contribute to economic growth, and how do they affect a country’s development?
- How does improving the quantity and quality of land resources impact economic growth?
- Why is the quality of human resources considered more crucial than quantity in economic growth?
- What is the opportunity cost of education, and how does it impact human capital?
- How did fiscal and monetary policies help avert a global economic breakdown during the 2008-2009 crisis?
Answer 4
Causes of Economic Growth
Monetary Growth is created by enhancements in the amount and nature of the components of creation that a nation has accessible i.e. area, work, capital and undertaking. On the other hand monetary decay may happen if the amount and nature of any of the components of creation falls.
Enhancing the Quantity and Quality of Land Resources
Builds in the amount of area accessible for agribusiness will build monetary development. Nonetheless, the degree to which this happens is restricted to the degree to which shrub areas might be changed over to rural areas. All monetary assets are rare and have an open-door cost. As hedge area is progressively utilized for agrarian purposes it is no more an environment for untamed life. The relative lack of area notwithstanding a developing populace implies that the theory of unavoidable losses may likewise get to be important. The law predicts that with an expanding measure of work connected to a settled amount of area, the peripheral gainfulness of the work will fall. This was the premise of the contention set forward by the Reverend Thomas Malthus. To keep this misfortune in gainfulness the nature of the area must be moved forward. This is possible through the application of better innovation through enhanced watering systems, composts, and irritation control
Enhancing the Quantity and Quality of Human Resources
Builds in the supply of work can expand financial development. Builds in the populace can increase the number of youngsters entering the workforce. Expands in the populace can likewise prompt an expansion in business requests, therefore fortifying generation. Nonetheless, if the populace develops at a quicker rate than the level of GDP the GDP for every capita will fall.
It is not basically the measure of work that will prompt monetary development. It is frequently the nature of that work (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 17). This will rely on instructive procurement in nations. Enhancing the abilities of the work power is seen as being an essential key to financial development. Numerous states have endeavored hugely to provide widespread essential training. As more capital is utilized, work must be better prepared in the aptitudes to utilize them, for example, overhauling tractors and water pumps, running lodgings and introducing power. It ought to dependably be recalled that training includes an open-door cost as far as present utilization, and along these lines, it is frequently alluded to as speculation using human capital.
Policy Response to Economic Growth
As opposed to the Great Depression, quick and exhaustive fiscal power intercessions served to deflect a worldwide economic-related breakdown. The expansive nature and size of intercessions, as a rule, have grown the general population’s part of the monetary record, which has been remarkable in present-day times. The measure of intercessions in the economic-related parts amid 2008–2009 was extensive, totaling normal for cutting-edge economies something like 50 percent of their buying influence equality (PPP) weighted GDPs (Sørensen, Peter Birch, and Hans 36). Yet regardless of capital infusions, exceptional liquidity offices, financial moving, procurement of insurance, anxiety testing, and the publication of economic-related rebuilding plans, the status of budgetary area monetary record repair is still indeterminate.
Notwithstanding backing to the budgetary part, the worldwide economy is confronting a remarkable issue of coordination (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 13). Tending to the emergency obliges a wide, conclusive, and all-inclusive composed arrangement activity as a financial boost that goes past national limits. In most cases,G20 nations have received notwithstanding backing of their fiscal segments financial jolt measures that arrived at 0.5 percent of their normal GDP in 2008, 2 percent in 2009 and 1.5 percent in 2010. Specific attention was given to optional use on base, provided for its higher multiplier impact.
Question 5
- How has credit growth in the UAE evolved in recent years, and what are the implications for the economy?
- What relationship exists between credit cycles and business cycles in the UAE?
- Why is credit growth unsustainable during expansionary periods of economic activity?
- How can countercyclical fiscal policies help mitigate the impact of credit cycles on economic activity?
- What are some potential policy measures the UAE can implement to stabilize credit and business cycles?
Answer 5
Monetary and fiscal policy Impacts
Credit in the UAE has been developing both in outright terms and as a rate of GDP. This is a positive improvement that will strengthen as the UAE economy keeps on differentiating and as its fiscal markets and keeping money part create further. Credit, notwithstanding, is indicating cyclical conduct, frequently overshooting pattern development and at different times undershooting the pattern. By their temperament, credit cycles have a tendency to be determinedly associated with business cycles. Credit development is speedier amid the great years and slower amid the terrible (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 10).
The monetary framework overall has a tendency to see hazards as being low amid expansionary periods of financial action. Incomprehensibly, it is amid the expansionary period of the business cycle that the dangers develop. This applies to most economies on the planet, including the UAE, where the economy accomplished solid credit development in 2008 (+49% year-on-year as of September 2008), which turned out to be unsustainable (Di Tella 24).
In the event that surrendered totally over to businesses, credit cycles could be exceptionally unpredictable. Furthermore, given their relationship with business cycles, a credit crunch can prompt a noteworthy log jam in financial action and the other way around. Strategy has a dynamic part to play. There is a requirement for financial approach and regulation to be countercyclical in an attempt to smooth the cycle and its effect on monetary action.
This note has been ready for Dubai’s Economic Council and is separated into three fundamental parts. The main area takes a gander at the credit cycle and its mechanics. The second segment takes a gander at the imperatives confronting the UAE fiscal arrangement system. At long last, the third area takes a gander at conceivable strategy measures that might be actualized.
Works Cited
Bekaert, Geert, Seonghoon Cho, and Antonio Moreno. “New Keynesian macroeconomics and the term structure.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 42.1 (2010): 33-62.
Caballero, Ricardo J. Macroeconomics after the crisis: Time to deal with the pretense-of-knowledge syndrome. No. w16429. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.
Di Tella, Rafael, Robert J. MacCulloch, and Andrew J. Oswald. “The macroeconomics of happiness.” Review of Economics and Statistics 85.4 (2003): 809-827.
Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny. Fire sales in finance and macroeconomics. No. w16642. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.
Sørensen, Peter Birch, and Hans Jørgen Whitta-Jacobsen. Introducing advanced macroeconomics: growth and business cycles. McGraw-Hill higher education, 2010.